Final Flashcards
What is diffusion?
The Movement of a molecule from high concentration to low concentration.
What is the random movement played by microscopic particles suspended in fluids called?
Brownian Motion
What is Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
What is facilitated diffusion
molecules that pass through a channel using the protein channel
What does passive transport mean?
Diffusion that doesn’t require ATP energy
What does active transport do and what does it require?
ATP is required and moves molecules from low concentration to high concentration
What is the difference between a solvent and a solute?
Solvent is a liquid and solute is a solid
Describe the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions
Hypertonic solution has a higher concentration and Hypotonic solution has lower concentration
What would happen if a hospital IV bag was pure water?
Blood cells would fill up with water and burst
What is specifically happening to plants when they wilt ?
The vacuole collapses water leaks out
What are the three components involved in sexual reproduction?
Meiosis, fertilizations,gametes
What is the main difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction = two parents, genetically unique offspring
Asexual reproduction = one parent, clones
What is meiosis also known as
reduction division
What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
diploid has full set of chromosomes and haploid has half a set of chromosomes
What crucial process happens in Prophase I of meiosis and what is specifically happening?
Crossing over and chromosomes are exchanging information
Clearly describe the difference between meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis 4 genetically different cells for the purpose of reproduction
Mitosis 2 identical cells
Where does feralization always occur?
At the sight of the egg
Fertilization results in the formation of the first diploid cell of a new organism. What is this cell called?
Zygote
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
Draw a molecule of ATP.
Picture
What is the ultimate goal of cellular respiration?
ATP retrieving
What is the first stage of cellular respiration and where does it occur?
Glycolysis and in the cytosol
In what organisms does this stage of cellular respiration occur in?
All Cellular organism
What is not needed for this stage of cellular respiration to occur
oxygen
Write down the substrates of this stage of cellular respiration and circle the byproducts?
- Glucose
- Glucose 6-P
- Fructose 6-P
- Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate
- Glyceraldehyde 3-p (GA3P)
- 1,3 Diphosphoglycerate
- 3-Phosphoglyerate
- 2-phodphoglyerate
- Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP)
- Pryvuate
- Dihydroxyacetoe Phosphate (DHAP)
- Latic Acid
Describe the difference between oxidation and reduction
oxidation loses electrons and reduction gains electron
Describe both types of anaerobic respiration
When oxygen is not available to be the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain the NADH created in glycolysis reduces pyruvate to lactic acid in bacteria and animal cells or ethanol in yeast cells.
Give two examples of both types of anaerobic respiration
Alcohol fermentation- beer and bread
Latic acid fermentation- after work outs and yogurt
What is the next stage in aerobic, cellular respiration and sometime called the “transition stage?”.
Oxidation of pyruvate
Where does this “transition stage” occur?
Mitochondria matrix
What is the starting substrate, the end product, and the byproducts of this “transition stage”?
pyruvate, Acetyl, CoA
write down the name of this cycle, where does it occur, and fill in the substrates and the enzymes and circle the byproducts
Kreb Cycle and mitochondrial matrix
- Acetyl CoA
- Citrate Synthase
- Citrate
- Aconitase
- Isocitrate
- Isocitrate D.H.
- a- ketoglutarate
- a- Ketoglutarate D.H.
- Succinyl CoA
- Succinyl CoA Synthetase
- Succinate
- Succinate D.H
- Fumarate
- Femarase
- Malate
- Malate D.H.
- Oxaloacetate
What is the last stage(stages) of cellular respiration and where does it (do they) occur?
- NADH D.H.
- Ubiquinone
- Succinate D.H
- Cyt. BLC
- Cyt C
- Cyt Oxidase
- ATP Synthase
- Rotor
- Rod
- Catalytic knob
- Stator
- 1/2 O2
- H20
- ATP
Fill in the overall tally of ATP created during anaerobic cellular respiration. Remember that
1NADH=3ATP and 1FADH2=2Atp
Kreb Cycle= 6NADH=-18ATP Kreb Cycle= 2FADH2=4 ATP Kreb Cycle = 2 ATP =2ATP Oxidation of Pyruvate= 2NADH=6ATP Glycolysis= 2NADH=6ATP --------------------------------------------- 2ATP=(anaerobic) 36ATP= (aerobic) 38 Total ATP
Give me a long definition pf photosynthesis
Photosynthesis: the conversion of light energy to
chemical energy; glucose (sugar) is built from the
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of carbon dioxide and
water. Chemical energy, which was previously
converted from captured light energy, is stored within
the carbon/carbon bonds of glucose, and may be used
by the plant directly during cellular respiration, or
indirectly by animals that eat the plants. More
importantly to us, during a certain reaction of
photosynthesis water is split and O2
is released.
Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells and what is chlorophy II?
Chloroplast and chlorophy11 is a pigment
What are the first set of reactions of photosynthesis called and where do they occur?
Light dependent reactions and thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
Fill in the illustration and circle the by product
- Photosystem II (PSII)
- Plasyiquinone (PQ)
- Cyt b/f
- Plastocyanin (PC)
- Phosphoglycerate (PSI)
- Ferredoxin (Fd)
- NADP reductase
- Atp Sythase
- H20
- 1/2 O2
What are the second set of reactions of photosynthesis called and where do they occur?
Light independent reactions or Calvin cycle. Stroma of chloroplast
What drives these reactions and what is the first one called that fixes the carbon from CO2 onto Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate?
Enzymes and rubisco
What are the two goals of this second set of reactions of photosynthesis?
To create useful carbon products including glucose and to regenerate Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate
