Final Flashcards
What is the sociometer theory?
The SE system is an internal, psychological gauge that monitors the degree to which the individual is being included versus excluded by other people
- Self-esteem, then, is an internal representation of social acceptance and rejection
What is self-determination theory?
Healthiest functioning is reflected in not being preoccupied by SE
- Behaving according to your true self, not a contingent self
What is effectance?
the drive to be an effective agent in the environment, any environment
What is the regulatory focus theory?
as people orient themselves to the future, they regulate their actions according to two fundamental principles:
- promotion focus: motivated agent aims to promote the self by approaching situations that promise reward, growth, expansion
- prevention focus: motivated agent aims to protect the self by preventing harm, actively avoiding situations that threaten the self
What is self-concordant goal selection?
selecting goals that are consistent with our underlying motivations and with the skills and talents we have
What are primary control strategies?
When one tries actively to change the environment to fit their goal pursuits
What are secondary control strategies?
involve changing the self to adjust to limitations and constraints in the environment
What are Erikson’s psychosocial stages?
- Trust – 1st year of life
- Autonomy – age 2
- Initiative – age 4-5
- Industry – childhood to mid-adolescence
- Identity – late adolescence/young adulthood (especially crucial)
- Intimacy – young adulthood
- Generativity – midlife
- Integrity – old age
According to McAdams, what is identity about?
mainly about exploring and ultimately committing to specific life goals and values for the long haul
What does identity formation consist of?
Exploration: genuinely looking at and experimenting with alternative beliefs and directions
Commitment: choosing to pursue certain roles and outlooks that define how you see yourself fitting into adult world
What is identity diffusion?
Agents are not exploring and they have made no commitments
What is moratorium?
exploration, but no commitment yet
What is identity achievement?
To have explored various options already and are now committed
What is foreclosure?
one has decided what to do without looking at the options
What are the key features of identity diffusion?
Alienated and isolated, distant from parents
- Apathy and dysphoria
What are the key features of foreclosure?
Goal-directed, very close to family, choose similar friends
- Confidence and sureness
What are the key features of moratorium?
Preoccupied and struggling, marked ambivalence toward parents
- Anxiety and doubt
What are the key features of identity achievement?
Trust themselves, able to explain their choices, view parents in a balanced way
- Reflective confidence
What is isolate intimacy status?
lacks enduring personal relationships
What is stereotyped intimacy status?
relationships lack depth
What is pre-intimate intimacy status?
friends but not commitment
What is the intimate intimacy status?
commitment and mutuality
What is generativity?
an adult’s concern for and commitment to the wellbeing of youth and future generations, as evidence by teaching, mentoring and other activities aimed at passing a positive legacy to the next generation
What is stagnant generativity?
shallow involvement and narrow scope
What is pseudo-generative generativity?
shallow involvement and wide-scope
What is conventional generativity?
deep involvement and narrow scope
What is generative generativity?
deep involvement and wide scope
What are the 3 components in McAdams’ model of generativity?
- Generative concerns
- Generative acts
- Generative strivings or commitments
What are the differences in generativity regarding parenting?
- More involved in schooling
- Authoritative parenting style
What are neurodevelopmental disorders, according to the DSM-5?
Heterogenous conditions characterized by developmental deficits in a variety of domains: social, cognition, motor, language
What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
characterized by the deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted, repetitive, and stereotypical behaviours
What is the specific criteria for diagnosing ASD?
- Persistent deficit in social communication and interaction
- Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interest, and activities
- Symptoms must be present in early developmental period
- Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social and occupational functioning
- These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay
What is secure in relation to the Big 5?
low N, high E (especially social dominance), high A
What is anxious in relation to the Big 5?
very high N
What is avoidant in relation to the Big 5?
low E, low A
What is the grand theory of John Bowlby?
Primary function of attachment: protection from danger
Secondary proposition: emotion regulation
What is the internal working model of a secure infant?
trust, exploration, base
What is the internal working model of an insecure infant?
distrust, anxiety, pessimism
What are D babies?
- Disorganized babies
- Face incredibly difficult home circumstances
- Very rare
What developmental outcomes are associated with security of attachment?
- Exploration
- Task mastery
- Emotional adaptation
- Social adaptation
What is autonomy?
to behave with a sense of volition, willingness, and congruence, thus acting according to one’s true feelings
What are autonomous behaviours?
initiated and regulated deliberately based on an awareness of one’s needs and integrated goals
What are controlled behaviours?
initiated and regulated by controls in the environment such as reward structures or internally controlling imperatives indicating how one “should” or “must” behave
What are impersonal behaviours?
regulation is perceived to be beyond intentional control
What is integrated functioning?
Coherence and unity in one’s personality and experience
- Derives from being aware and non-defensive
What is Murray’s definition of autonomy?
to resist influence of coercion; to defy an authority or to seek freedom in a new place; to strive for independence (wrong idea)
What is Ryan’s view on autonomy?
Autonomy does not entail being subject to no external influences
- It is in subjective agreement to some inputs and not others that the question of autonomy becomes meaningful
What is pseudo (reactive) autonomy?
When you never rely on others
How is reactive autonomy associated with the big 5 traits?
Reactive autonomy is low in A and high in E
What is narrative identity?
The internalized and evolving story of the self that the person consciously and unconsciously constructs to bind together the many different aspects of the self
What is the narrative process?
From adolescence through young adulthood, we construct an identity by experiencing events, narrating those experiences to others, editing the narrations in response to others’ reactions, experiencing new events, narrating those new events in light of past narrations, and on and on
What is the reminiscence bump?
we remember more events from late adolescence and early adulthood than any other period
What is autonomy support?
Environments that encourage choice and innovation
What is the ethic of autonomy?
The Golden Rule—treat people how you want to be treated
What is the ethic of community?
Evolution has shaped humans to respond with anger when somebody betrays the group
What is the equation of morality?
Morality = agency + patient
What are beneficiaries?
when patients are helped by a good agent
What is sacred canopy?
The idea that religion brings people together under a common sociomoral banner
What is restoration?
the urge to restore something good that has been lost
What is reform?
Tendency to distrust the past and look eagerly to establish a new and better future
What is motivated social cognition?
As motivated agents, human beings formulate social attitudes and values that meet underlying needs and goals
What are the prime determinants of variation in political values among adults?
(1) genetic differences between people
(2) the effects of assortative mating (politically like-minded people marry each other, reinforcing their political values)
(3) big environmental events, such as war or economic depression
What are cohort effects?
how people raised in one generation differ from those from another generation as a function of different historical experiences
What is the difference between North Americans and Asians in terms of narrative identity?
• North Americans - Earlier age of first childhood memory - More detailed childhood memories - More self-focused - Individual and one-time events - Shows uniqueness • Asians - Greater emphasis on social interactions - Focus more on important others - Shows learning
What was the average age remembered in the 2008 study?
23
What is agency in narrative identity?
the degree to which a protagonist can effect change in their own life or influence others in the environment
What is communion in narrative identity?
the degree to which the protagonist demonstrates or experiences interpersonal connections through love, friendship, dialogue, or connection to a broad collective
What is redemption in narrative identity?
scenes in which a demonstrably “bad” or emotionally negative event or circumstance leads to a demonstratable “good” or positive outcome
What is contamination in narrative identity?
scenes in which a good event turns dramatically bad, such that the negative emotion overwhelms, destroys, or erases the effects of the preceding positivity
What is coherence in narrative identity?
the extent to which a narrative demonstrates clear causal sequencing, thematic integrity, and appropriate integration of emotional responses
What is complexity in narrative identity?
the level of structural differentiation and integration shown in the narrative
What is meaning making in narrative identity?
the degree to which the protagonist learns something or gleans a message from an event
What is causal coherence?
linking life events to one’s developing sense of self
What is thematic coherence?
evaluative or reflective connections between episodes in the story
What are qualities the story should have?
coherence, openness, credibility, differentiation, reconciliation
How does therapy help?
therapeutic alliance, autonomous motivation, narrative disclosure
How are big 5 traits related to life narratives?
C – joy in work accomplishments
A – joy in social accomplishments
N – negative emotions and contamination plots
O – especially complex; multiple plots and higher levels of coherence
What are paradigmatic expressions of human thought?
the kinds of analytic, logical strategies we learn in school
What is the narrative mode of human thought?
people create stories about intentional agents who pursue goals over time
What is verisimilitude?
Lifelikeness
What is scaffolding?
parents’ conversational interactions with their children help to build children’s memory skills and their facility in sharing their memories and experiences with other people
What is autobiographical reasoning?
to a wide set of interpretive operations through which people derive personal meanings from their own autobiographical memories
What are the milestones in the development of narrative identity?
2-3: autobiographical memory 3-4: theory of mind 5-6: story structure 10-14: cultural (life course) script 12-25: autobiographical reasoning + advanced storytelling skills
What is the self-defining memory?
vivid, affectively charged, repetitive, linked to other similar memories, and related to an important unresolved theme or recurrent concern in an individual’s life
What are key characteristics of episodic memories?
Need satisfaction and thwarting (opposition)
What is integrative emotion regulation?
sometimes feeling negative emotions helps me to understand important things about myself (best way)
What is dysregulation of emotion?
I often behave under the influence of my negative emotions, even if I don’t want to behave like that
What are the 3 keys parts of a memory that lead to wellbeing and growth?
autonomy + competence + relatedness
What is the free trait theory?
If there’s some really valuable goal, we can act outside of our traits
- We have to be willing to show social courage if we want this to happen
What are safety behaviours?
deliberate actions that anxious people adopt to minimize negative outcomes (subtle and indirect)
What are the key traits for a positive affect system?
Social courage and assertiveness (which also leads to extraversion)
What does SE and and social inclusion require?
Requires that you feel connected and valued by others
What are the 6 themes that comprise the redemptive self in generative adults?
Beginning: - early advantage - suffering of others - moral steadfastness Middle: - redemption sequences - power vs love Ending: - positive future
What are redemption sequences in life narratives?
Negative life events are redeemed by positive outcomes, or else the narrator finds positive meanings for life in negative life experiences
What is the narrative unconscious?
Where experiences that are so bad that they cannot be told are stored
What are positive illusions?
The tendency to overlook the most negative aspects of life events and exaggerate the positive meanings
What is atonement?
the move from sin to salvation
What is upward social mobility?
rags to riches
What is liberation?
slavery to freedom
What is recovery?
sickness to recovery of health, innocence, wholeness, etc.
What is ego integrity?
to accept one’s life as having been a worthwhile endeavor
What is socio-emotional selectivity?
when people experience a shorter time perspective for the future, they focus on keeping hold of those people and experiences that are most near and dear
What are the two important developments of the emergence of SE?
- rising expectations from parents and teachers
- tendency to compare themselves
What is a personal fable?
The idea that many young teenagers secretly imagine their lives as fantastical stories of greatness and distinction
What are the 5 moral foundations?
- Care/harm
- Fairness/cheating
- Loyalty/betrayal
- Authority/subversion
- Sanctity/degradation
At what age do human infants prefer good guys to bad guys in simple moral scenarios?
6 months
At what age do humans show a strong preference for fairness in the allotment of rewards and punishments?
2 years
What moral emotions contribute to the development of conscience and ultimately moral traits?
Guilt and empathy
What are the 5 moral foundations?
- Care/harm
- Fairness/cheating
- Loyalty/betrayal
- Authority/subversion
- Sanctity/degradation
What is the first step in becoming a moral agent?
Making an explicit moral judgement
What do political conservatives score higher on than liberals?
death anxiety, fear of threat and loss, need for order, and self-esteem
What do political liberals score higher on than conservatives?
tolerance for uncertainty, sensation seeking, and openness to experience
What is the fundamental motivational difference between conservatives and liberals?
protection and provision
Where does culture exert its most powerful influence?
At the level of the autobiographical author
What is a culture’s master narrative?
A culture’s master narratives provide vital resources for the construction of narrative identity while, at the same time, severely constraining the kinds of lives that people can live
What is the age 5-7 shift?
The age 5–7 shift tracks the emergence of a suite of psychological phenomena (e.g., cognitive development, self-esteem) and societal arrangements (e.g., elementary schooling) that work together to transform the child into a more or less rational, purposeful, and planful agent
