Final Flashcards
Raised platform (with or without a canopy) used for a body to lie in state
Catafalque
Catholic belief that those whose souls are not perfectly cleansed undergo a process of cleansing before they can enter heaven
Purgatorial Doctrine
formed in the Middle Ages by lay persons to bury the dead and to pray for the soul of the faithful departed and other pious practices
Leagues of Prayer
made necessary funeral arrangements
Steward of the Guild
mortuary fee paid to insure entrance of the decedent’s soul into heaven
Soul Shot
Middle Age custom of eating a load of bread and drinking a bowl of beer in the presence of the deceased transferred the sins to the participant - therefore the spirit wouldn’t wander
Sin-Eater
originated as an ancient Hebrew practice - family & friends sit with the deceased as a precaution against premature burial; continued as an act of piety in the Middle Ages
Wake (Middle Ages)
the wake also served as _____ to welcome the principal heirs to his new estate
Funeral Feasts
life-sized, waxen recreation (dummy) of the deceased
Effigy
great emphasis was placed on the need for sanitation due to…
Plagues / Black Death
Dates of the Great Plague of London
1664 - 1665
When did the concept of universal coffined burial begin?
Middle Ages
created in 1800s London by the “poor” people as a means to afford funerals; costs were shared by others via weekly collections; were the forerunners of industrial insurance
Burial Clubs
provided that woolen cloth should be substituted for linen in the shroud and in the lining of the coffin
Burial in Woolen Act of 1666
part of a Protestant influence that has since gone on to influence the Catholic church
Sprinkling a handful of dirt on corpse
originally called an under officer of the church who took care of the church property
Sexton
began in 1117 as dismembered fragments of the bodies of saints were preserved and regarded as holy relics with special prominence being given to the heart
Independent heart burial
noble/rich were sometimes brought back in parts, their bodies being cut up and boiled to extract the bones. These were placed in a chest and returned to the family
Independent bone burial
1540-1745 - sole agency permitted to embalm and perform anatomical dissections in the city of London
Barber-Surgeons
belief or practice of draining a quantity of blood to cure illness or disease
Bloodletting
the reformation beliefs which “trimmed” the Roman Catholic views of elaborate ceremony made funerals more affordabel
Decrease of Burial Clubs
the elaborate need for a “Requiem Mass” carrying the bier and religious paraphernalia went away under protestant Christianity
Decrease in Ostentation
led to a need for better embalming methods & cadaver regulations
the development of the anatomist and surgeons
peak of heraldry and pomp - resurrection of ceremony during the end of the Renaissance
Feudal funerals
provided services of organizing and facilitating funeral details as an occupation
funeral undertaker
the supplement to which The Practice of Interments in Towns, describes the burial customs of working people and the conditions of the interment of the dead
The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain
reported on unsanitary conditions in London created by intramural burials, the high cost of funerals, and the 1st use of the death certificate
Chadwick’s Report on intramural interments and burial practices
saw death as natural as birth; treated with solemnity and dignity
New England Colonist
an undertaker who only offered his services on occasion at funerals, but who also furnished other undertakers with necessary supplies and paraphernalia
furnishing undertaker
predecessor to the undertaker
Layers out of the dead
called personally upon those expected to attend funerals, often a municipal appointment - licensed and were to receive equal profits and were obligated to attend the burial of the poor without charge
Inviter to funerals
superintendent of all mortuary necessities, city registrar of deaths, city messenger
Town Undertakers
appeared in the first half of the 19th century
occupation of undertaker as a proper name and profession
became a service industry choreographing many parts and individuals - dressing, placing in the casket, transportation to cemetery
funeral undertaker or undertaker
provided supplies and merchandise to funeral undertakers who were dealing directly with the public - filled role of the middle man
Furnishing undertakers
Coffin Shroud Warehouse of New York, first warehouse of its kind
John L Dillon
patented in 1848 as form-fitting, airtight metallic coffin designed to improve ability to preserve the body; had a glass plate to allow for viewing of the face
Fisk Metallic Coffin
MH Crane & JR Barnes
purchased rights from Fisk to do metallic coffins
innovation introduced to square sided caskets in order to reduce the excess space and weight (particularly of metal caskets), characterized by an “S” shaped curvature
Ogee Design
cloth covered coffin designed for ex-president US Grant - helped elevate acceptance of cloth covered caskets. Made with black broadcloth, heavy silver metal mountings, flat top, full French plate glass.
Style E State Casket
1800s - three major type of burial receptacles - wooden coffin, metallic mummy case, and cloth-covered metal reinforced burial case; never truly accepted by the industry or public
Also Rans
related to the concept of live burial concept - movement of hand or head cause coffin lid to spring open
Christian Eisenbrandt
German professor credited as being the Father of Embalming - first successful system of arterial embalming using the Y incision to open both the thoracic and abdominal cavities and treat the organs
Frederick Ruysch
chemist who wrote a book called the History of Embalming which contained actual instructions on how to embalm
Jean Gannal
English physician who discovered the circulation of blood in 1628
Dr William Harvey
discovery of bacteria in 1683, “Father of Bacteriology”
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
those who practiced undertaking outside of legitimate professions
sawdust and tar
method to apply a continuous flow of embalming solution via manual manipulation of a handheld mechanism
hand pump
apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vascular (arterial) phase of embalming process; relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver the fluid (.43 lbs of pressure per foot of elevation)
gravity injector
long hollow tube patented in 1868 by Samuel Roger (Philadelphia); used by embalmers to inject fluids into cavities and remove excess liquids
trocar
Father of American Embalming
Dr Thomas Holmes
1st patent for a process of embalming the body in 1856, mixture of arsenic and alcohol, electrically charging the body
J Anthony Gaussardia
traveling salesman to promote the embalming chemicals
drummers
founder of restorative art
Joel Crandall
