FINAL Flashcards
Autotroph
Organism that can use raw materials from the environment to assemble its own carbon-based molecules needed to survive
Heterotroph
Animals must consume other organisms to obtain essential carbon-based molecules to survive
Photosynthesis
Use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water
Transpiration
loss of water (vapor) from the leaves to the atmosphere
Humidity
Dampness in the air
Stoma
Are multicellular structures that control gas exchange and water loss. They allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the spongy mesophyll, from the outside atmosphere
Avascular
plants that do not contain vascular tissue rely mostly on diffusion alone (bryophytes)
Vascular
Combination of bulk flow coupled with diffusion to transport fluids throughout the body (ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms)
Positive Pressure
push from behind
movement of blood through your arteries
movement of sap through phloem
Negative Pressure
Pull from ahead
movement of sap through xylem
Cavitation
fill with air, which breaks the chain of bonding needed by water to pull other water molecules up
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data
Cohesion
like molecules bond to one another
Tension
pulling force
Phloem Sap
a mixture of sugar, nutrients, and water that flows through phloem vessels in a plant
Phloem is the type of vascular tissue (bulk transport system) that carries metabolic fuel (carbohydrates) from source to sinks
Source
any cell that produces or releases more photosynthetic product that it uses, by photosynthesis or by mobilizing it from storage mature photosynthetic cells in a leaf
Sink
Any cell that takes in more photosynthetic products than it produces, for use of storage
reproductive cells and root cells that specialized in absorption
symbiotic
involving interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association
rhizosphere
the soil layer that surrounds actively growing roots
Symbiosis
Most terrestrial green plants enhance nutrient uptake by establishing symbiotic relationships with fungi (80% of plants) or nitrogen fixing bacteria (4% of plants)
two or more species interact and both species benefit from the interaction
Epidermis
the root system serves as a protective skin and it is also the cell layer that specializes in selective absorption from the soil. There is no cuticle covering the epidermal cells in the roots
Root hair
extensions of the individual epidermal cells
they are part of the epidermal cell that specializes in absorption
Macronutrient
minerals absorbed by the roots that are used in relatively large quantities. these minerals tend to have a low concentration in the soil, and higher concentrations in the plant
Micronutrient
minerals absorbed by the roots, such as smaller quantities. these minerals tend to have variable concentrations in the soil, and moderate concentrations in the plant
Casperian strip
to enter the xylem, they must be transported into the endodermal cells, since the extracellular spaces are plugged with waxes
Haploid
An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
Diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
meiosis
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores
gamete
sex cell
spore
a reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating seed
Sporophyte dominant
genetic process whereby the genetic material of a source cell is maintained so that the daughter cells (cells made during the cellular replication process) have the same quantity and mix of genetic material as the original cell. This reproductive process results in genetically identical offspring cells
Gametophyte dominant
Genetic process whereby the genetic material of a source cell is reduced so that the daughter cells have half as much genetic material as the original cell. During this reproductive process, the genetic material is shuffled, so that the daughter cells have a mix of each of the two different copies of all genes from the original parent cell, thereby increasing genetic diversity
Gametophyte
haploid forms that make gametes
gametes specialize in genetic recombination between parent and offspring generations as a result of random union of sperm and egg
Sporophyte
diploid forms that make spores
spores specialized in dispersal (move to new locations) of offspring in early plant lineages
Photosynthesis
It is a series of chemical reactions that can be separated into two pairs: light reactions and Calvin Cycle
Pigment
a special group of proteins that can absorb light, and use it to move (excite) electrons
Lumen
A general term to identify the open space within a tube or other hollow structure
Wavelength
measure of the distance between two neighboring peaks that are formed by a photon
Carboxylation
A carbon dioxide molecule is added to the 5-carbon RuBP, making a 6-carbon temporary (intermediate) molecule. The 6-carbon molecule is immediately cut in half by an enzyme, RuBisCo. This results in the production of two, 3-carbon molecules called 3-PGA
Intermediate
A temporary molecule, that is formed in the middle of a series of chemical reactions. It is neither the starting molecule nor the final product of the pathway
Reduction
Each 3-PGA is reduced (electrons added) by NADPH, and energized NADPH through the transfer of a phosphate group (phosphorylation). The combination of electrons and cellular energy allows for the 3-PGA to be rearranged into a new molecule, triose phosphate
