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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do we organize life in what order?

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
class
order
family 
genus
species
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2
Q

What are the seven characteristics of life?

A 
Responsiveness to the environment
growth and change
ability to reproduce 
have metabolism and breathe 
maintain homeostasis
being made of cells
passing traits onto offspring
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3
Q

What is an ecosystem and what is contained with it?

A

An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or nonliving parts. biotic factors include plants, animals, and other organisms.

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4
Q

What is a theory/hypothesis

A

Theory: a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
Hypothesis: a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

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5
Q

What is an experimental group?

A

The experimental group refers to the group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable. These participants receive or are exposed to the treatment variable.

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6
Q

What are autotrophs/heterotrophs?

A

autotrophs are producers and heterotrophs are consumers.

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7
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond.

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8
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

a primarily electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bound to a more electronegative atom or group.

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9
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shard pairs or bonding pairs.

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10
Q

How many electrons are within the valence shells?

A 
2
8
18
32
32
18
2
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11
Q

What is the difference between an acid and a base?

A

Acids are substances that provide hydrogen ions (H+) and lower pH, whereas bases provide hydroxide ions (OH-) and raise pH.

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12
Q

What is the point of fluorine/fluoride in water?

A

It helps tooth decay.

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13
Q

What are the four common elements in living organisms?

A

oxygen (o) carbon (c) hydrogen (h) and nitrogen (n)

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14
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.

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15
Q

What is an isotope?

A

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

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16
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the atom’s nucleus.

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17
Q

What is an anabolic steroid and what is its purpose?

A

It is a synthetic variant of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects.
it is used to treat general anemia and diseases that destroy body muscle. Also used by some athletes.

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18
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

an amide-type of the covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of the alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number 2) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.

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19
Q

What are cellulose and starch/ How are they similar and how are they different?

A

starch and cellulose are two very similar polymers. They are both made from the same monomer, glucose, and have the same glucose-based repeat units.
There only difference is that starch’s glucose repeat units are oriented in the same direction, but in cellulose, each successive glucose unit is rotated 180 degrees around the axis of the polymer backbone chain, relative to the last repeat unit.

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20
Q

What is the main lipid found in cell membranes.

A

Phospholipids.

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21
Q

What are the health differences between saturated and unsaturated fats? Which are solid/liquid at room temps?

A

Saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature and from is from animal sources, while unsaturated fats are usually liquid and from plant sources. The general consensus between dietitians is that saturated fats are less healthful than unsaturated fats.

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22
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

they build molecules up and generally require energy.

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23
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

they break molecules down and generally release energy.

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24
Q

What are the four types of proteins?

A

Primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure

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25
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

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26
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The second level of the protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

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27
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The third level of protein structure; the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R group of the amino acids making up the chain.

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28
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

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29
Q

What is the biggest size a cell can become?

A

100mm

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30
Q

What are the differences between light and electron microscopy?

A

electron microscopes are a beam of electrons used for magnifying the image of an object while visible light is used in the light microscope to magnify images of time areas of materials or biological specimens.

31
Q

What is brown/yellow fat? what are its roles?

A

a special type of body fat that is turned on when you get cold. It produces heat to help maintain body temperature in cold conditions.

32
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The random movement of particles results in the net movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a region where it is concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.

33
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of what across a membrane.

34
Q

What is tonicity?

A

the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.

35
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient aided by energy (ATP)

36
Q

What is passive transport?

A

diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy.

37
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

38
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions.

39
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

also called water channels, they are channel proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that from pores in the membrane. mainly facilitating transport of water between cells.

40
Q

What is an irreversible inhibitor?

A

binds enzymes so that no other enzyme-substrate complexes can form.

41
Q

What is a calorie?

A

A unit of energy defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a quantity of water by one degree.

42
Q

Where does the carbon come from in photosynthesis?

A

CO2

43
Q

Where does the oxygen come from during photosynthesis?

A

H2O

44
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

molecules that carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts.

45
Q

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

molecules that form the core of a cell’s ribosomes

46
Q

What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.

47
Q

What are stem cells?

A

cells that are able to develop into many different cell types.

48
Q

What is the process to create stem cells?

A

scientists first extract samples from adult tissue or an embryo. They then place these cells in a controlled culture where they will divide and reproduce but not specialize further.

49
Q

What is a proto-oncogene?

A

A normal gene that, through mutation, can be converted to a cancer-causing gene.

50
Q

What are the percentages of coding and non-coding DNA in the human genome?

A

Only about 1 percent of DNA is made up of protein-coding genes; the other 99 percent is noncoding.

51
Q

How many different proteins in humans?

A

In humans, up to ten different proteins can be traced to a single gene

52
Q

What is genomics?

A

The study of complete sets of genes and their interactions.

53
Q

How closely related are chimps and humans genetically?

A

Humans and chimps share a surprising 98.8 percent of their DNA.

54
Q

What is a transgenic animal?

A

Transgenic animals carry a segment of foreign DNA — the transgene — that is inserted into their germline and is inherited in a Mendelian fashion.

55
Q 
What base pairs match with each other?
adenine
thiamine
guanine
cytosine
A

adenine - thiamine
A - T

guanine - cytosine
G - C

56
Q

What are ways that genetic diversity is lost in populations

A

Inbreeding, genetic drift, restricted gene flow, and small population

57
Q

How are traits favored?

A

Fitness depends on the environment. Which traits are favored by natural selection (that is, which features make an organism more fit) depends on the environment… In many cases, a trait also involves tradeoffs. That is, it may have some positive and some negative effects on fitness.

58
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits.

59
Q

What are methods of speciation and barriers?

A

allopatric speciation: The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

60
Q

What are chromatids?

A

Chromatids are two identical DNA strands joined by a centromere.

61
Q

How many chromosomes do adults have?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

62
Q

What is Down syndrome

A

a extra (third) chromosome in the trisomy 21.

63
Q

What increases the risk of down syndrome?

A

Increased age in females.

64
Q

What makes plant cell division different from animal cell division?

A

Cytokinesis only takes place in plant cells.

65
Q

What is a mendelian cross?

A

A tool first to determine an unknown genotype

66
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

a single gene disorder causing a debilitating systemic syndrome characterized by chronic anemia.

67
Q

What do the square and circle mean on a pedigree?

A

circle means female. square means male.

68
Q

What do no color and colored shapes mean on a pedigree?

A

colored means it has the trait. not colored means it does not have the trait.

69
Q

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

A

A genotype refers to the genetic characteristics of an organism.
A phenotype refers to physical characteristics.

70
Q
  1. What type of codon stops transcription?
A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

71
Q

What are changes in the nucleotide sequences called?

A

mutation

72
Q

How is DNA replicated (Leading/lagging strand)?

A

one DNA strand, called the leading strand, is replicated continuously in the same direction as the moving fork, while the other (lagging) strand is replicated in the opposite direction

73
Q

What are the monomers of DNA / RNA-.

A

they are made up of monomers known as nucleotides

Bio final (1 decks)

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