final Flashcards
1
Q
Mental disorder is . . .
A
alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning
2
Q
What are the 3 features of a mental disorder?
A
1) changes in thinking, mood or behaviour (not physical)
2) significant distress
3) impaired functioning (eg. substance abuse) : interfere with work, school or family life
3
Q
Psychotic symptoms are associated with which disorders (4)
A
- schizoaffective disorder
- bipolar affective disorder
- depression
- schizophrenia
4
Q
What non-behavioural disorders can cause psychotic symptoms?
A
brain tumours, substance abuse
5
Q
Psychosis is . . .
A
a loss of touch with reality
6
Q
the symptoms of psychosis include
A
hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking
7
Q
what are 2 types of delusions?
A
paranoid (police are watching), grandeur (i am the 2nd coming of christ)
8
Q
what is a delusion
A
a false but firmly held belief
9
Q
3 most common mental disorders
A
1) Mood (depression) and anxiety disorders
2) Substance abuse (including gambling, drugs, alcohol)
3) Cognitive impairment and dementia
10
Q
1 Risk factor for schizophrenia/psychosis?
A
Genetics - 50% of risk
11
Q
_______ is an important risk factor for schizophrenia/psychosis. If a child is born during a famine they are more likely to be schizophrenic.
A
Maternal nutrition
12
Q
what is some evidence that viral infection are a risk for schizophrenia/psychosis?
A
Children born during flu season are more likely to be schizo.
13
Q
What’s a risk factor for schizophrenia/psychosis that has to do with child birth?
A
perinatal complications
14
Q
What are 3 environmental risk factors for schizophrenia/psychosis?
A
toxins, chemical insults, noise
15
Q
What are 3 types of social stress that can contribute to schizophrenia/psychosis risk?
A
1/2 generation immigrants
Mothers who experience a death during pregnancy
Demanding jobs
16
Q
What ndd are affective disorders correlated with?
A
PD
17
Q
Which gender are more likely to experience affective disorders?
A
Female (hormones? post-partum?)
18
Q
Which age groups are at risk for affective disorder?
A
teens, old age
19
Q
What is abuse a risk factor for?
A
Affective disorders
20
Q
According to Pearlin, what factors are protective against developing mental illness (depression) following a stressful situation like unemployment (4)?
A
- comparing oneself positively to others
- not focusing on economic achievement
- high levels of emotional support
- having an internal locus of control (believe they have control over destiny)
21
Q
What kind of community is mental illness higher in? (Leighton)
A
disintegrated community
22
Q
What are factors that contribute to a disorganized community? (Leighton)
A
- disaster (mining)
- poverty (not inequality)
- cultural confusion (different cultural groups competing for a voice, extensive secularization)
- rapid social change (widespread migration - coming or going)
23
Q
According to Leighton, what are common core or ‘bundle’ of striving that individuals need to avoid stress?
A
- physical security
- sexual satisfaction
- love
- security
- individual recognition
- sense of belonging to a group
- spontaneity (creativity)
- belonging to moral order
- feeling of being right in what one does
24
Q
What are the ways of treating mental disorders?
A
Biological intervention (body, psychiatry, shock treatment, insulin, lobotomy, blood letting)
Psychological treatment (psychology, psychoanalytic therapy )
25
What hospital was one of the first to be dedicated to mental illness?
St Mary of Bethlem
26
How did capitalism contribute to the growth of the asylum?
labour model: people with mental illness were not good workers - not tolerated in society
27
What is a push factor for the growth of asylums?
more illness like neurosyphilis
28
Whats a pull factor for the growth of asylums?
asylum as a more humans environment for the ill
29
What are 4 main elements of deinstitutionalization that lead to the demise of asylums?
- civil libertarianism (freedom of the people)
- new anti-psychotic meds
- promise of community mental health services (didn't happen)
- political economic influences (eg. medicare started)
30
name some consequences of deinstitutionalization
poverty, homelessness, suicide, imprisonment, substance abuse, violence, family stress, victimization
31
What are the two paradigms that co-exist in regards to the cost of mental disorders to the individual?
the disease paradigm
the discrimination paradigm
32
What revolution is part of the disease paradigm of cost of mental disorders to the individual?
Psychopharmaceutical revolution (meds for anti-sychotic, anti-depressants, anxiety)
33
What is the focus of the disease paradigm?
alleviating symptoms that impair the individuals functioning
34
What is the focus of the discrimination paradigm?
the role of stigma in the the daily experiences of people with mental illness
35
_____ is an attribute that is deeply discrediting and characterizes the bearer as tainted and discounted
stigma
36
Which theory and theorist does stigmatization fit under?
Labeling theory - master status (Goffman)
37
What source of stigma surrounding schizophrenia is based on the belief that people with schizo are always psychotic?
Uncertainty
38
What source of stigma surrounding schizophrenia is based on the confusion with multiple personality disorder (now: dissociative identity disorder)?
Unpredictability
39
What source of stigma surrounding schizophrenia is based on the belief that people with schizo are unintelligent?
Incompotence
40
What source of stigma surrounding schizophrenia is based on the belief that people with schizo are potentially violent?
Dangerousness
41
What source of stigma surrounding schizophrenia is based on the that if treatment is available, the person is responsible for taking it?
Responsibilization
42
Euro-Americans have a high _________ locus of control, which contributes to ________ of people with mental illness
internal, stigmatization
43
In latin america, mental illness is explained by _______, which leads to less stigma
nervios
44
What are the 4 techniques for neutralization/ stigma management
1) trying to pass (hide it from everyone)
2) Dividing their social worlds (tell only some people)
3) deflecting (distance self from label)
4) Challenge (confront stigma)
45
give an example of 'Dividing their social worlds' in regard to stigma of mental health.
only telling people who wont stigmatize you
46
What coping mechanism of dealing with stigma might involve self surveillance ?
Trying to pass (hiding it from everyone)
47
give an example of 'deflecting' in regard to stigma of mental health.
I had a psychotic break, but i am not schizo
48
give an example of 'Challenging' in regard to stigma of mental health.
when you use the word crazy it makes me feel stigmatized, please stop.
49
How much does mental illness cost society each year?
50 Billion
50
______ is a high source of worker disability (individual level cost of mental health )
depression (miss 40 days/year of work)
51
An individual level cost of mental health is Suicude. Who is affected most in Canada?
indigenous men 150/100,000
| 14 x higher
52
Why is cost of treatment an individual level cost of mental health?
80% of psychological services not covered
53
Courtesy stigma is a _______-level cost of mental health
family
54
_____ leads to withdrawal/avoidance of certain settings, friends withdrawing from family
Courtesy stigma
55
What's the outcome of the emotional burden of family-level costs to mental health?
many parents of children with serious mental health issues are depressed themselves
56
the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined as medical conditions, or the social construction of medical conditions
medicalization (Zola)
57
Who are considered the primary drivers of medicalization?
physicians/medical profession
58
Which medicalized disorder was originally seen as a sin, then a lack of will (personality flaw), then a medical condition (disease of the brain)
Alcoholism
59
what is evidence of the medicalization of hoarding ?
it is now listed int he DSM
60
Whats an Intra-debate re. PMS for example?
debate between people within a medical profession (2 docs. arguing about cause of PMS)
61
Whats an Inter-debate?
debate between all health professionals (doc and psychiatrist arguing)
62
Who is a lay-debate between?
lay public and health establishment
63
__________: condition now seen a a legitimate category warranting medical intervention
Institutionalization
64
What are the benefits of medicalization?
- can reduce stigma
- can lead to empathy
- can ensure help
65
What are the problems of medicalization?
- medical profession owns condition (research $$)
- limits focus of social causes
- justifies involuntary treatment (and responsibilization - PMS? take the midol and come to work)
66
what policy was made to address the "revolving door patient" and involuntary hospitalization?
community treatment orders
67
______ may involve conditions like: taking meds as prescribed, keeping medical appointments, saying in supportive housing, no drug use
community treatment orders
68
Whats a problem with community treatment orders?
Coercion - if you don't sign we will keep you in hospital
| A form of re-institutionalization? must stay in supportive housing
69
Which theory is associated with Looking deviant
symbolic interactionism
70
When we look in the mirror, we ask 3 things according to The looking glass self (Cooley)
1) how do others see me? (my size)
2) how do others evaluate me? (fat)
3) how does their evaluation make me feel?
71
what does looking glass self depend on?
socialization - if only one in world, could see yourself with objective process
72
In Mead's "The 'I' and the 'Me'", what is the 'I'?
subject with power; agency (I want, I need, I will)
73
In Mead's "The 'I' and the 'Me'", what is the 'Me'?
self as object as perceived by others and by the I (I have gained weight)
74
what must one develop before they can have a self concept ?
self-recognition
75
What are the 3 components of self (Higgens)?
1) The actual self (20 lbs overweight)
2) the ideal self (beach body)
3) the ought to be self (i shouldn't care about weight)
76
What are the 3 parts of the presentation/ performance of self (Goffman)?
- dramaturgical performance
- front stage vs. backstage self
- impression management
77
What are some things people try to manage about their appearance in order to manage their impression?
- disability
- weight
- age
- identity
78
If someone wears something that is out of fashion they are violating _____
appearance norms
79
appearance norms are social constructs because they...
- change over time, across cultures, across age groups
80
_______ are more likely to be evaluated harshly based on appearance norms
Women
81
Attractive people have better jobs, make more money. This illustrates the __________________ concept
Beautiful is good
82
What BMI is underweight?
<18.5
83
What BMI is ideal
18.5-24.9
84
What BMI is overweight
25-29.9
85
What BMI is obese
30 +
86
what are the health risks of being overweight?
```
hypertension
type 2 diabetes
certain cancers (colorectal)
```
87
what are the health risks of being underweight?
decreased immune function
| anorexia, bulimia
88
What disorder has the highest fatality of all medical disorders?
anorexia
89
What are 2 criticisms of the scientific understanding of the ideal body?
1) biology insufficient to account for 100 % of obesity
2) parameters of ideal body are too narrow. Some people
could have BMI of 26 and still be healthy
90
What are the 3 ways that obesity can be explained medico-scientifically?
- genetics (adoption studies)
- endocrinology (thyroid)
- neurochemically (serotonin)
91
What are factors in the sociological understanding of obestity?
- increased standard of living ($ for food)
- all you can eat and drive throughs
- food pricing (low SES correlated with obesity - veggies $$)
- food advertising (coke= happiness)
92
Female bodies in the media have become _______ over time
thinner
93
Looking at female bodies the the media, ____% met criteria for ________
30% anorexia
94
Male bodies have become ___ & __ overtime
larger and leaner (muscular)
95
Youth that spend more time on social media looking at unattainable ideal bodies develop ________
body dissatisfaction
96
How much is the beauty/cosmetic industry worth?
450 Billion
97
what cosmetic procedures are most likely to be purchased in Canada?
1) Breast augmentation
2) Liposuction
3) Eyelid Surgery
98
_______ can be considered impression management services
cosmetic procedures
99
How do people explain why they got cosmetic procedures/wear makeup
- aesthetics (beauty is good)
- individuality (expresses who they are, creativity)
- health (helps them feel better about themselves - psychological benefit)
100
In West and Zimmerman's "Doing gender", what do they say about individuals?
Individuals are 'doing gender' but gender is heavily influenced by culture (choice within constraints)
101
In West and Zimmerman's "Doing gender", what do they say about gender in the western society?
emphasis is on strong man, pretty/petite woman
102
What another way of saying beauty is good?
Beauty premium economics
| attractiveness- currency, power, health, vitality, sexuality
103
In our agists society, why do people try to look young
we celebrate youth
aging is associated with decreasing health, loss of sexuality
leads to an existential fear of irrelevance
104
What are the central theories within Physical appearance and deviance?
Interactionist theories:
The I and the Me (Coolie)
Impression Management (Goffman)
105
According to the critical theory, Political Economic perspective, why is capitalism a 'Sisyphean exercise' in regards to physical appearance?
capitalism requires continual development of new markets.
| People will continually be buying things, markets expanding, never-ending process, unattainable beauty
106
According to the critical theory, Political Economic perspectives critique of media and beauty, How does the media uphold ageism?
telling women wrinkles are ugly
107
According to the critical theory, Political Economic perspectives critique of media and beauty, How does the media uphold racism?
"make it look whiter than it seems"
108
According to the critical theory, Political Economic perspectives critique of media and beauty, How does the media uphold classism?
cosmetic surgeries/skincare are expensive, only the rich can afford to be 'beautiful'
109
In expanding the market beyond women, what happened to the GI joe dolls from 1960's-1990s?
biceps more than doubled
110
In expanding the market beyond women, what happened to the playgirl centerfolds?
12 lbs less fat, 25 lbs more muscle
111
In expanding the market beyond women, what happened to Men's health mag?
- increase in sales
| - more cosmetic procedures, hair dye, toiletries advertised
112
Why were gay men a new target for marketing in the 90's?
- big money
| - no kids, rich professional men
113
Which sub-markets did advertisers aim to reach in the 80s-90s?
working class
trendies
pleasure-seekers
moralists
114
According to the Critical theory, feminist perspective, what how does the beauty industry affect women (book: the beauty myth)?
- they invest a lot to feel beautiful, don't
end up feeling good about themselves
- just as women's emancipation was happening and they were joining the work force, they were bombarded with ads and the pressure to look a certain way - holds them back
115
According to Simone de beauvoir, a woman treats her body like _____ which ______ her fro her body
her house/an object, alienates
116
According to critical theorist Foucault, we come to know and experience ourselves (ontology) _________
through ads.
117
According to critical theorist Foucault, advertisements are discourses about masculinity and femininity. They...
limit possibilities of self-identity, what isn't included is deviant
118
According to critical theorist Foucault, advertisements lead to . . .
alienation of body from oneself.
119
religion and science are both
belief systems
120
Beliefs are
any proposition thought to be true
121
Belief systems are
cohesive sets of interrelated beliefs
122
What are the 2 types of relationships that both science and religion have with deviance?
belief systems and deviantized
belief systems deviantize others
123
What is the dominant religion in Canada?
Christianity (65% of Canadians)
124
What are the top 3 types of christianity in canada?
1) catholicism
2) Protestantism (United, Anglican, Baptist)
3) Christian orthodox
125
What is the second most common religious affiliation in canada?
none
126
What is the third most common religious affiliation in canada?
Islam
127
Canadians are likely to remain affiliated with their _______ religion
parent's
128
what does 'believing without belonging' refer to
people often don't go to church - still consider themselves religious
129
How is the religious demographic in canada changing?
more people 'no religious affiliation
130
what happened to religious affiliation in canada during the 1980's
144% increase in "other" religions
131
How has immigration affected religious affiliation?
increased religious diversity
132
process by which religion increasingly looses its influence
secularization
133
Is canada secularized?
- definitional issues (what is religion)
- yes: stores open on sunday
- no: religious holidays, swear on bible
134
Premier Lesage in quebec said _____ in reference to a movement of secularization
C'est le temps que ca change
135
Durkheim talked about the ______ and ______ binary
sacred and profane
136
according to Durkheim religion is a force of _______
social cohesion
137
What does it mean that religion is not monolithic
tensions within religious groups
138
what is the traditional classification of religious groups (4)?
Ecclesia, churches, sects, cults
139
large established religious groups with long histories and complex bureaucracies
churches
140
small, oppositional with a charismatic leader and a small following
Cults
141
official state religions
Ecclesia
142
smaller breakaway groups with more rigid membership and behavioural requirements
Sects
143
the level of tension and how much a group is deviantized depends on (3)
- magnitude of differences in beliefs
- antagonism toward outsiders
- self segregation
144
What makes sects less compatible with society?
their emphasis on the rewards of the afterlife
145
Which group requires a higher level of commitment: churches or sects?
Sects
146
Sect that maintains a higher degree of tension with the larger society
Established sect (jehovah witnesses)
147
sect that is increasingly integrated into larger society and may be considered a denomination of a larger church
Denominational Sect (seventh-day adventists)
148
which group is move deviantized by society: sects or cults
cults
149
Starting in the 1960s, how did the media advance a 'cult menace' theme?
- use of one-sided sources
- superficial coverage (lack of investigative journalism)
- sensationalizing stereotypes
- over-reporting of atypical events
150
media constructs cults as ______
folk devils
151
Palmer seen as _______ to media discourse about cults in her book Alien Adored
voice of resistance - tried to understand cults from their point of view, called media to do investigative journalism
152
what 3 organizations provide social control of deviant religions?
governments, anti-cult & counter cult movements, media
153
Does the charter of rights and freedoms allow people to be free to do anything?
no, only within reasonable limits
154
What are the fundamental freedoms in the charter of rights and freedoms (4)?
- freedom of conscience and religion
- freedom of thought, belief, opinion, expression (inc. communication)
- freedom of peaceful assembly
- freedom of association
155
what groups often oppose religious freedoms?
counter cult movements
156
What movement focuses on groups that interpret the bible incorrectly?
counter cult
157
Which group has more power: anti- or counter cult
anti-cult (counter cults are deviantized themselves so less power)
158
Which group is newer: anti- or counter cult
anti-cult
159
Which group acts on the belief that the cult is destructive
anti-cult
160
Which group is concerned with getting more adherence to their own faith
counter-cult
161
Witch trials are an example of _______ deviantizing ______
religion, other
162
List an example of the christian-led deviantization of others
- witch trials
| - residential school system
163
Whats a prodistant-led social gospel movement that devialtized others?
victorian child savers - remove children from poor homes
164
How are 2 ways that science is deviant
```
scientific misconduct (individual scientists)
pseudo science (entire movement)
```
165
what are 2 forms of scientific misconduct?
plagiarism
| data falsification
166
What type of science is scientific misconduct more common in ?
biomedical research
167
_____ claims that scientific misconduct is rare
Bad Apple Theory
168
____ claim acts of scientific misconduct that are detected are only a small potion of those that go on
Iceberg theory
169
Why is there so much scientific misconduct?
pressure to publish, publishing bias (positive results published), corporization of science (profit motive, industry involvement)
170
what evidence points to the social construciton of science ?
- what is considered legit changes over time (eg. evolution, acupuncture)
- political motivation led to diagnosis of PTSD (who should be compensated)
171
Social Darwinism (eugenics, primitive-->evolved) is an example of how _______ deviantizes __________-
science, others
172
List 3 examples of how science deviantizes others
- social darwinism
- medical diagnosis- labelling
- responsibilizes patients
173
The interactions, negotiations, and debates among groups with different perceptions of whether a behaviour or characteristic is deviant and needs to be socially controlled and , if so, how
the deviance dance
174
line dance (re. deviance dance)
following rules, conform to prescriptions
175
waltzing (re. deviance dance)
make up own way of following rules so they are comfortable (school but with mask)
176
Moshpitting (re, deviance dance)
protesting, not following rules
177
what 3 spheres do we find agreement abut conformity on a global scale?
freedom from discrimination
security of person and property
human dignity
178
What kind of body projects are cosmetic surgery, tattoos and piercing?
redesigning
179
What kind of body projects are weight loss, muscle building, laser hair removal?
adapting
180
What kind of body projects are contact lenses, cane
extending
181
What kind of body projects are makeup, hair, cclothes
camouflaging
