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SOC 224 final > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Mental disorder is . . .

A

alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning

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2
Q

What are the 3 features of a mental disorder?

A

1) changes in thinking, mood or behaviour (not physical)
2) significant distress
3) impaired functioning (eg. substance abuse) : interfere with work, school or family life

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3
Q

Psychotic symptoms are associated with which disorders (4)

A
  • schizoaffective disorder
  • bipolar affective disorder
  • depression
  • schizophrenia
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4
Q

What non-behavioural disorders can cause psychotic symptoms?

A

brain tumours, substance abuse

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5
Q

Psychosis is . . .

A

a loss of touch with reality

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6
Q

the symptoms of psychosis include

A

hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking

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7
Q

what are 2 types of delusions?

A

paranoid (police are watching), grandeur (i am the 2nd coming of christ)

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8
Q

what is a delusion

A

a false but firmly held belief

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9
Q

3 most common mental disorders

A

1) Mood (depression) and anxiety disorders
2) Substance abuse (including gambling, drugs, alcohol)
3) Cognitive impairment and dementia

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10
Q

1 Risk factor for schizophrenia/psychosis?

A

Genetics - 50% of risk

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11
Q

_______ is an important risk factor for schizophrenia/psychosis. If a child is born during a famine they are more likely to be schizophrenic.

A

Maternal nutrition

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12
Q

what is some evidence that viral infection are a risk for schizophrenia/psychosis?

A

Children born during flu season are more likely to be schizo.

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13
Q

What’s a risk factor for schizophrenia/psychosis that has to do with child birth?

A

perinatal complications

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14
Q

What are 3 environmental risk factors for schizophrenia/psychosis?

A

toxins, chemical insults, noise

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15
Q

What are 3 types of social stress that can contribute to schizophrenia/psychosis risk?

A

1/2 generation immigrants
Mothers who experience a death during pregnancy
Demanding jobs

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16
Q

What ndd are affective disorders correlated with?

A

PD

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17
Q

Which gender are more likely to experience affective disorders?

A

Female (hormones? post-partum?)

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18
Q

Which age groups are at risk for affective disorder?

A

teens, old age

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19
Q

What is abuse a risk factor for?

A

Affective disorders

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20
Q

According to Pearlin, what factors are protective against developing mental illness (depression) following a stressful situation like unemployment (4)?

A
  • comparing oneself positively to others
  • not focusing on economic achievement
  • high levels of emotional support
  • having an internal locus of control (believe they have control over destiny)
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21
Q

What kind of community is mental illness higher in? (Leighton)

A

disintegrated community

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22
Q

What are factors that contribute to a disorganized community? (Leighton)

A
  • disaster (mining)
  • poverty (not inequality)
  • cultural confusion (different cultural groups competing for a voice, extensive secularization)
  • rapid social change (widespread migration - coming or going)
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23
Q

According to Leighton, what are common core or ‘bundle’ of striving that individuals need to avoid stress?

A
  • physical security
  • sexual satisfaction
  • love
  • security
  • individual recognition
  • sense of belonging to a group
  • spontaneity (creativity)
  • belonging to moral order
  • feeling of being right in what one does
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24
Q

What are the ways of treating mental disorders?

A

Biological intervention (body, psychiatry, shock treatment, insulin, lobotomy, blood letting)

Psychological treatment (psychology, psychoanalytic therapy )

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25
Q

What hospital was one of the first to be dedicated to mental illness?

A

St Mary of Bethlem

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26
Q

How did capitalism contribute to the growth of the asylum?

A

labour model: people with mental illness were not good workers - not tolerated in society

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27
Q

What is a push factor for the growth of asylums?

A

more illness like neurosyphilis

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28
Q

Whats a pull factor for the growth of asylums?

A

asylum as a more humans environment for the ill

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29
Q

What are 4 main elements of deinstitutionalization that lead to the demise of asylums?

A
  • civil libertarianism (freedom of the people)
  • new anti-psychotic meds
  • promise of community mental health services (didn’t happen)
  • political economic influences (eg. medicare started)
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30
Q

name some consequences of deinstitutionalization

A

poverty, homelessness, suicide, imprisonment, substance abuse, violence, family stress, victimization

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31
Q

What are the two paradigms that co-exist in regards to the cost of mental disorders to the individual?

A

the disease paradigm

the discrimination paradigm

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32
Q

What revolution is part of the disease paradigm of cost of mental disorders to the individual?

A

Psychopharmaceutical revolution (meds for anti-sychotic, anti-depressants, anxiety)

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33
Q

What is the focus of the disease paradigm?

A

alleviating symptoms that impair the individuals functioning

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34
Q

What is the focus of the discrimination paradigm?

A

the role of stigma in the the daily experiences of people with mental illness

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35
Q

_____ is an attribute that is deeply discrediting and characterizes the bearer as tainted and discounted

A

stigma

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36
Q

Which theory and theorist does stigmatization fit under?

A

Labeling theory - master status (Goffman)

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37
Q

What source of stigma surrounding schizophrenia is based on the belief that people with schizo are always psychotic?

A

Uncertainty

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38
Q

What source of stigma surrounding schizophrenia is based on the confusion with multiple personality disorder (now: dissociative identity disorder)?

A

Unpredictability

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39
Q

What source of stigma surrounding schizophrenia is based on the belief that people with schizo are unintelligent?

A

Incompotence

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40
Q

What source of stigma surrounding schizophrenia is based on the belief that people with schizo are potentially violent?

A

Dangerousness

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41
Q

What source of stigma surrounding schizophrenia is based on the that if treatment is available, the person is responsible for taking it?

A

Responsibilization

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42
Q

Euro-Americans have a high _________ locus of control, which contributes to ________ of people with mental illness

A

internal, stigmatization

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43
Q

In latin america, mental illness is explained by _______, which leads to less stigma

A

nervios

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44
Q

What are the 4 techniques for neutralization/ stigma management

A

1) trying to pass (hide it from everyone)
2) Dividing their social worlds (tell only some people)
3) deflecting (distance self from label)
4) Challenge (confront stigma)

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45
Q

give an example of ‘Dividing their social worlds’ in regard to stigma of mental health.

A

only telling people who wont stigmatize you

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46
Q

What coping mechanism of dealing with stigma might involve self surveillance ?

A

Trying to pass (hiding it from everyone)

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47
Q

give an example of ‘deflecting’ in regard to stigma of mental health.

A

I had a psychotic break, but i am not schizo

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48
Q

give an example of ‘Challenging’ in regard to stigma of mental health.

A

when you use the word crazy it makes me feel stigmatized, please stop.

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49
Q

How much does mental illness cost society each year?

A

50 Billion

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50
Q

______ is a high source of worker disability (individual level cost of mental health )

A

depression (miss 40 days/year of work)

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51
Q

An individual level cost of mental health is Suicude. Who is affected most in Canada?

A

indigenous men 150/100,000

14 x higher

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52
Q

Why is cost of treatment an individual level cost of mental health?

A

80% of psychological services not covered

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53
Q

Courtesy stigma is a _______-level cost of mental health

A

family

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54
Q

_____ leads to withdrawal/avoidance of certain settings, friends withdrawing from family

A

Courtesy stigma

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55
Q

What’s the outcome of the emotional burden of family-level costs to mental health?

A

many parents of children with serious mental health issues are depressed themselves

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56
Q

the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined as medical conditions, or the social construction of medical conditions

A

medicalization (Zola)

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57
Q

Who are considered the primary drivers of medicalization?

A

physicians/medical profession

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58
Q

Which medicalized disorder was originally seen as a sin, then a lack of will (personality flaw), then a medical condition (disease of the brain)

A

Alcoholism

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59
Q

what is evidence of the medicalization of hoarding ?

A

it is now listed int he DSM

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60
Q

Whats an Intra-debate re. PMS for example?

A

debate between people within a medical profession (2 docs. arguing about cause of PMS)

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61
Q

Whats an Inter-debate?

A

debate between all health professionals (doc and psychiatrist arguing)

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62
Q

Who is a lay-debate between?

A

lay public and health establishment

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63
Q

__________: condition now seen a a legitimate category warranting medical intervention

A

Institutionalization

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64
Q

What are the benefits of medicalization?

A
  • can reduce stigma
  • can lead to empathy
  • can ensure help
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65
Q

What are the problems of medicalization?

A
  • medical profession owns condition (research $$)
  • limits focus of social causes
  • justifies involuntary treatment (and responsibilization - PMS? take the midol and come to work)
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66
Q

what policy was made to address the “revolving door patient” and involuntary hospitalization?

A

community treatment orders

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67
Q

______ may involve conditions like: taking meds as prescribed, keeping medical appointments, saying in supportive housing, no drug use

A

community treatment orders

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68
Q

Whats a problem with community treatment orders?

A

Coercion - if you don’t sign we will keep you in hospital

A form of re-institutionalization? must stay in supportive housing

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69
Q

Which theory is associated with Looking deviant

A

symbolic interactionism

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70
Q

When we look in the mirror, we ask 3 things according to The looking glass self (Cooley)

A

1) how do others see me? (my size)
2) how do others evaluate me? (fat)
3) how does their evaluation make me feel?

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71
Q

what does looking glass self depend on?

A

socialization - if only one in world, could see yourself with objective process

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72
Q

In Mead’s “The ‘I’ and the ‘Me’”, what is the ‘I’?

A

subject with power; agency (I want, I need, I will)

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73
Q

In Mead’s “The ‘I’ and the ‘Me’”, what is the ‘Me’?

A

self as object as perceived by others and by the I (I have gained weight)

74
Q

what must one develop before they can have a self concept ?

A

self-recognition

75
Q

What are the 3 components of self (Higgens)?

A

1) The actual self (20 lbs overweight)
2) the ideal self (beach body)
3) the ought to be self (i shouldn’t care about weight)

76
Q

What are the 3 parts of the presentation/ performance of self (Goffman)?

A
  • dramaturgical performance
  • front stage vs. backstage self
  • impression management
77
Q

What are some things people try to manage about their appearance in order to manage their impression?

A
  • disability
  • weight
  • age
  • identity
78
Q

If someone wears something that is out of fashion they are violating _____

A

appearance norms

79
Q

appearance norms are social constructs because they…

A
  • change over time, across cultures, across age groups
80
Q

_______ are more likely to be evaluated harshly based on appearance norms

A

Women

81
Q

Attractive people have better jobs, make more money. This illustrates the __________________ concept

A

Beautiful is good

82
Q

What BMI is underweight?

A

<18.5

83
Q

What BMI is ideal

A

18.5-24.9

84
Q

What BMI is overweight

A

25-29.9

85
Q

What BMI is obese

A

30 +

86
Q

what are the health risks of being overweight?

A 
hypertension
type 2 diabetes
certain cancers (colorectal)
87
Q

what are the health risks of being underweight?

A

decreased immune function

anorexia, bulimia

88
Q

What disorder has the highest fatality of all medical disorders?

A

anorexia

89
Q

What are 2 criticisms of the scientific understanding of the ideal body?

A

1) biology insufficient to account for 100 % of obesity
2) parameters of ideal body are too narrow. Some people
could have BMI of 26 and still be healthy

90
Q

What are the 3 ways that obesity can be explained medico-scientifically?

A
  • genetics (adoption studies)
  • endocrinology (thyroid)
  • neurochemically (serotonin)
91
Q

What are factors in the sociological understanding of obestity?

A
  • increased standard of living ($ for food)
  • all you can eat and drive throughs
  • food pricing (low SES correlated with obesity - veggies $$)
  • food advertising (coke= happiness)
92
Q

Female bodies in the media have become _______ over time

A

thinner

93
Q

Looking at female bodies the the media, ____% met criteria for ________

A

30% anorexia

94
Q

Male bodies have become ___ & __ overtime

A

larger and leaner (muscular)

95
Q

Youth that spend more time on social media looking at unattainable ideal bodies develop ________

A

body dissatisfaction

96
Q

How much is the beauty/cosmetic industry worth?

A

450 Billion

97
Q

what cosmetic procedures are most likely to be purchased in Canada?

A

1) Breast augmentation
2) Liposuction
3) Eyelid Surgery

98
Q

_______ can be considered impression management services

A

cosmetic procedures

99
Q

How do people explain why they got cosmetic procedures/wear makeup

A
  • aesthetics (beauty is good)
  • individuality (expresses who they are, creativity)
  • health (helps them feel better about themselves - psychological benefit)
100
Q

In West and Zimmerman’s “Doing gender”, what do they say about individuals?

A

Individuals are ‘doing gender’ but gender is heavily influenced by culture (choice within constraints)

101
Q

In West and Zimmerman’s “Doing gender”, what do they say about gender in the western society?

A

emphasis is on strong man, pretty/petite woman

102
Q

What another way of saying beauty is good?

A

Beauty premium economics

attractiveness- currency, power, health, vitality, sexuality

103
Q

In our agists society, why do people try to look young

A

we celebrate youth
aging is associated with decreasing health, loss of sexuality
leads to an existential fear of irrelevance

104
Q

What are the central theories within Physical appearance and deviance?

A

Interactionist theories:
The I and the Me (Coolie)
Impression Management (Goffman)

105
Q

According to the critical theory, Political Economic perspective, why is capitalism a ‘Sisyphean exercise’ in regards to physical appearance?

A

capitalism requires continual development of new markets.

People will continually be buying things, markets expanding, never-ending process, unattainable beauty

106
Q

According to the critical theory, Political Economic perspectives critique of media and beauty, How does the media uphold ageism?

A

telling women wrinkles are ugly

107
Q

According to the critical theory, Political Economic perspectives critique of media and beauty, How does the media uphold racism?

A

“make it look whiter than it seems”

108
Q

According to the critical theory, Political Economic perspectives critique of media and beauty, How does the media uphold classism?

A

cosmetic surgeries/skincare are expensive, only the rich can afford to be ‘beautiful’

109
Q

In expanding the market beyond women, what happened to the GI joe dolls from 1960’s-1990s?

A

biceps more than doubled

110
Q

In expanding the market beyond women, what happened to the playgirl centerfolds?

A

12 lbs less fat, 25 lbs more muscle

111
Q

In expanding the market beyond women, what happened to Men’s health mag?

A
  • increase in sales

- more cosmetic procedures, hair dye, toiletries advertised

112
Q

Why were gay men a new target for marketing in the 90’s?

A
  • big money

- no kids, rich professional men

113
Q

Which sub-markets did advertisers aim to reach in the 80s-90s?

A

working class
trendies
pleasure-seekers
moralists

114
Q

According to the Critical theory, feminist perspective, what how does the beauty industry affect women (book: the beauty myth)?

A
  • they invest a lot to feel beautiful, don’t
    end up feeling good about themselves
  • just as women’s emancipation was happening and they were joining the work force, they were bombarded with ads and the pressure to look a certain way - holds them back
115
Q

According to Simone de beauvoir, a woman treats her body like _____ which ______ her fro her body

A

her house/an object, alienates

116
Q

According to critical theorist Foucault, we come to know and experience ourselves (ontology) _________

A

through ads.

117
Q

According to critical theorist Foucault, advertisements are discourses about masculinity and femininity. They…

A

limit possibilities of self-identity, what isn’t included is deviant

118
Q

According to critical theorist Foucault, advertisements lead to . . .

A

alienation of body from oneself.

119
Q

religion and science are both

A

belief systems

120
Q

Beliefs are

A

any proposition thought to be true

121
Q

Belief systems are

A

cohesive sets of interrelated beliefs

122
Q

What are the 2 types of relationships that both science and religion have with deviance?

A

belief systems and deviantized

belief systems deviantize others

123
Q

What is the dominant religion in Canada?

A

Christianity (65% of Canadians)

124
Q

What are the top 3 types of christianity in canada?

A

1) catholicism
2) Protestantism (United, Anglican, Baptist)
3) Christian orthodox

125
Q

What is the second most common religious affiliation in canada?

A

none

126
Q

What is the third most common religious affiliation in canada?

A

Islam

127
Q

Canadians are likely to remain affiliated with their _______ religion

A

parent’s

128
Q

what does ‘believing without belonging’ refer to

A

people often don’t go to church - still consider themselves religious

129
Q

How is the religious demographic in canada changing?

A

more people ‘no religious affiliation

130
Q

what happened to religious affiliation in canada during the 1980’s

A

144% increase in “other” religions

131
Q

How has immigration affected religious affiliation?

A

increased religious diversity

132
Q

process by which religion increasingly looses its influence

A

secularization

133
Q

Is canada secularized?

A
  • definitional issues (what is religion)
  • yes: stores open on sunday
  • no: religious holidays, swear on bible
134
Q

Premier Lesage in quebec said _____ in reference to a movement of secularization

A

C’est le temps que ca change

135
Q

Durkheim talked about the ______ and ______ binary

A

sacred and profane

136
Q

according to Durkheim religion is a force of _______

A

social cohesion

137
Q

What does it mean that religion is not monolithic

A

tensions within religious groups

138
Q

what is the traditional classification of religious groups (4)?

A

Ecclesia, churches, sects, cults

139
Q

large established religious groups with long histories and complex bureaucracies

A

churches

140
Q

small, oppositional with a charismatic leader and a small following

A

Cults

141
Q

official state religions

A

Ecclesia

142
Q

smaller breakaway groups with more rigid membership and behavioural requirements

A

Sects

143
Q

the level of tension and how much a group is deviantized depends on (3)

A
  • magnitude of differences in beliefs
  • antagonism toward outsiders
  • self segregation
144
Q

What makes sects less compatible with society?

A

their emphasis on the rewards of the afterlife

145
Q

Which group requires a higher level of commitment: churches or sects?

A

Sects

146
Q

Sect that maintains a higher degree of tension with the larger society

A

Established sect (jehovah witnesses)

147
Q

sect that is increasingly integrated into larger society and may be considered a denomination of a larger church

A

Denominational Sect (seventh-day adventists)

148
Q

which group is move deviantized by society: sects or cults

A

cults

149
Q

Starting in the 1960s, how did the media advance a ‘cult menace’ theme?

A
  • use of one-sided sources
  • superficial coverage (lack of investigative journalism)
  • sensationalizing stereotypes
  • over-reporting of atypical events
150
Q

media constructs cults as ______

A

folk devils

151
Q

Palmer seen as _______ to media discourse about cults in her book Alien Adored

A

voice of resistance - tried to understand cults from their point of view, called media to do investigative journalism

152
Q

what 3 organizations provide social control of deviant religions?

A

governments, anti-cult & counter cult movements, media

153
Q

Does the charter of rights and freedoms allow people to be free to do anything?

A

no, only within reasonable limits

154
Q

What are the fundamental freedoms in the charter of rights and freedoms (4)?

A
  • freedom of conscience and religion
  • freedom of thought, belief, opinion, expression (inc. communication)
  • freedom of peaceful assembly
  • freedom of association
155
Q

what groups often oppose religious freedoms?

A

counter cult movements

156
Q

What movement focuses on groups that interpret the bible incorrectly?

A

counter cult

157
Q

Which group has more power: anti- or counter cult

A

anti-cult (counter cults are deviantized themselves so less power)

158
Q

Which group is newer: anti- or counter cult

A

anti-cult

159
Q

Which group acts on the belief that the cult is destructive

A

anti-cult

160
Q

Which group is concerned with getting more adherence to their own faith

A

counter-cult

161
Q

Witch trials are an example of _______ deviantizing ______

A

religion, other

162
Q

List an example of the christian-led deviantization of others

A
  • witch trials

- residential school system

163
Q

Whats a prodistant-led social gospel movement that devialtized others?

A

victorian child savers - remove children from poor homes

164
Q

How are 2 ways that science is deviant

A 
scientific misconduct (individual scientists)
pseudo science (entire movement)
165
Q

what are 2 forms of scientific misconduct?

A

plagiarism

data falsification

166
Q

What type of science is scientific misconduct more common in ?

A

biomedical research

167
Q

_____ claims that scientific misconduct is rare

A

Bad Apple Theory

168
Q

____ claim acts of scientific misconduct that are detected are only a small potion of those that go on

A

Iceberg theory

169
Q

Why is there so much scientific misconduct?

A

pressure to publish, publishing bias (positive results published), corporization of science (profit motive, industry involvement)

170
Q

what evidence points to the social construciton of science ?

A
  • what is considered legit changes over time (eg. evolution, acupuncture)
  • political motivation led to diagnosis of PTSD (who should be compensated)
171
Q

Social Darwinism (eugenics, primitive–>evolved) is an example of how _______ deviantizes __________-

A

science, others

172
Q

List 3 examples of how science deviantizes others

A
  • social darwinism
  • medical diagnosis- labelling
  • responsibilizes patients
173
Q

The interactions, negotiations, and debates among groups with different perceptions of whether a behaviour or characteristic is deviant and needs to be socially controlled and , if so, how

A

the deviance dance

174
Q

line dance (re. deviance dance)

A

following rules, conform to prescriptions

175
Q

waltzing (re. deviance dance)

A

make up own way of following rules so they are comfortable (school but with mask)

176
Q

Moshpitting (re, deviance dance)

A

protesting, not following rules

177
Q

what 3 spheres do we find agreement abut conformity on a global scale?

A

freedom from discrimination
security of person and property
human dignity

178
Q

What kind of body projects are cosmetic surgery, tattoos and piercing?

A

redesigning

179
Q

What kind of body projects are weight loss, muscle building, laser hair removal?

A

adapting

180
Q

What kind of body projects are contact lenses, cane

A

extending

181
Q

What kind of body projects are makeup, hair, cclothes

A

camouflaging

SOC 224 final (1 decks)

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