final 1 Flashcards
Psychic energy
generated by instinctual drives pressing for release
Freud aspects of personality
Id, Ego, Superego
Pleasure principle
maximize pleasure, minimize pain, followed by id
Primary Process Theory
followed by id
- if needs cant be met with reality, fantasy will do,
Reality Principle
followed by ego
- checks reality to determine when id can safely discharge impulses
Executive of personality
balances superego and id
id
first to develop, unconscious, irrational
ego
- second to develop, helps id contact reality
Reality principle - tests reality to decide when the Id can safely
discharge its impulses
superego
- last to develop at age 4-5
Repository for ideals and values of society
reality anxiety
fear of real world threats
neurotic anxiety
fear of id’s desires
moral anxiety
fear of superego’s guilt
Sublimination
defense mechanism
- mask forbidden underlying impulses
Projection
defense mechanism
- attributing impulse to other people (I hate you cause you hate me)
regression
defense mechanism
- mentally return to earlier, safer state (thumb sucking, bed wetting)
Intellectialization
defense mechanism
- situation treated as intellectually interesting event
reaction formation
defense mechanism
- exaggerated opposite behaviour (sarcasm, basically)
Conversion
defense mechanism
- conflict converted to physical symptom (develop blindness so can’t see situation
Displacement
defense mechanism
- use secondary goal as outlet (get angry at someone unrelated)
Rationalization
defense mechanism
- making things seem good
isolation
defense mechanism
- memories allowed back into consciousness but without motives or emotion
Free association
patient allowed to say anything, analyst looks for associations and resistance, preferred by Freud
Neoanalysts
- disagreed with Freud
- focuses more on cultural, social aspects compared to sexuality
Adler
Neoanalyst
- humans motivated by social interest, desire to improve welfare of others
- Humans want superiority
Jung
Neoanalyst, analytic psychology
- people have collective unconscious that consists of memories accumulated through entire history of human race in addition to personal unconscious based on life experiences
Represented as archetypes - inherited tendencies to interpret experience in certain ways
Object Relation theorists
- Klien, Kernberg, Haler, Kohl
Neoanalyst
- Focus on mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as result of early experience with caregivers
Carl Rogers
Self Theory
Humanistic
Self Theory
Humanistic
Carl Rogers
- Behaviour is response to one’s conscious experience
- Internal forces are not distorted or blocked, instead direct to self-actualization
Congruence
Self Theory
Consistency between self-perceptions and experience
Defense mechanism
ego may resort to this, denies/distorts reality
Repression
Defense mechanism
- ego uses some energy to prevent anxiety-arousing memories
self actualization
Total realization of one’s human potential
Personal constructs
Cognitive categories into which they sort the people and events in their lives
self consistency
Self Theory
- absence of conflict among self-perception
Factor analysis
allows researchers to find out
which behaviors are correlated with each other
Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factors
Trait/Biological perspective
• Asked thousands of people to rate themselves
• Found 16 basic behavior clusters
• Developed profiles for individuals, and distinct
groups (athletes, artists)
Five Factor Model
Trait/Biological perspective
• Openness, conscientiousness,
extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (OCEAN)
• The big 5 seldom show correlations to behavior
beyond 0.2-0.3, so they added 6 sub-categories
under each factor called facets
• NEO-PI test measures these
Eyesnck
Trait/Biological perspective
- Started with just two basic traits: introversion-extroversion
stability-instability
• These two are uncorrelated
• Later added third: psychoticism-self control
• Psychoticism is creativity, tendency towards nonconformity, impulsivity, social deviance
-believed extreme introverts were chronically
overaroused, and that extreme extroverts were chronically underaroused
- Stability-instability is related to autonomic nervous system,
Novelty-seeking is related to dopamine
Stability of Personality
- introversion/extraversion, Optimism/pessimism,
emotionality & activity level tend to be stable - honesty/conscientiousness are
different depending on the situation
Social Cognitive Theorists
- focus on both internal and external causes of personality
- theories have a strong scientific base and explain apparent contradictions of consistency
- Rotter, Bandura, Mischel
Reciprocal determinism
Social Cognitive
- person, behaviour, and environment all influence each other
Rotter
Social Cognitive
- Whether we do something is determined by Expectancy (what we expect the behaviour to cause) and reinforcement value (how much we desire/dread expected outcome)
- Internal/external locus of control
Expectancy
Rotter
- what we expect behaviour to cause
Reinforcement value
Rotter
- How much we desire/dread expected outcome
Internal locus of control/ generalized expectancy
Rotter
- believe life outcomes are largely under personal control
External locus of control/
generalized expectancy
Rotter
- believe fate has to do with luck, chance, others
Internal/external locus of control
called generalized expectancy
- internal locus people’s behaviour is more self determined, they do better in school, are independent but cooperative, resistant to social influence, and healthier
Bandura
Social cognitive
- human agency - humans are active agents in their own lives
Human agency
Bandura
- humans are active agents in their own lives
• We are self-reflective and self-regulatory
Intentionality
Bandura
- we plan, modify plans, act with intention
Forthought
Bandura
- we anticipate outcomes, set goals, actively
choose behavior
Self-reactiveness
Bandura
- motivating and regulating our own actions
Self-reflectiveness
Bandura
- evaluate our own actions
Self-efficacy
Bandura
- beliefs concerning one’s
ability to perform what is needed
Previous performance attainments
Affects self efficacy
- in similar situations
Observational learning
Affects self efficacy
- If he can do it so can I
Verbal persuation
Affects self efficacy
- inspiration from others
Emotional arounsal
Affects self efficacy
- our ability to control it
Mischel
Social cognitive
- need to consider individual ways of understanding events
Consistency paradox
Mischel
- expect and perceive high consistency of personality, but in reality varies greatly with situations
Cognitive-affective personality system
Mischel
- both person and situation matter
• If-then behavior consistencies - there is consistency in behavior in similar situation
Interviews
Personality Assessment
- structured interviews - standardized situation
- Must look at more than what they’re saying:
appearance, speech patterns, posture
• Limitations: interviewer themselves affect result,
also depends on how honest the interviewee is
Projective tests
Personality Assessment
- Psychodynamic says we can’t use interviews since we want to know whats in unconscious
• Objective measures of personality have better reliability and validity than
projective
Rorschach inkblots, thematic Apperception test
Rorschach inkblots
Projective test
what does this inkblot look like?
Thematic Apperception test
Projective test
- what is going on in this scene?
- what are people feeling?
Personality Scales
Personal Assessment
Objective - standard set of questions, lying is ok because can be used as data for other test
- Rational approach - determine what introverts say about themselves
- Empirical approach - what introverts tend to say yes to , whether or not it makes intuitive sense
Remote behaviour sampling
Personality assessment
- collecting samples of behaviour from respondents as they live daily lives
Microstressors
Stressor
- Daily hassles and annoyances
Catastrophic events
Stressor
- self explanatory
Major negative events
Stressor
- more personal
Life event scales
Stress
- measure severity of stressor by measuring intensity, duration, predictability, controllability, chronicity
Stress response
- Primary appraisal
- Secondary appraisal
- Judgements
- Appraisal of personal meaning
Primary appraisal
1 Stress response
- appraisal of the demand
of the situation
Secondary appraisal
2 Stress response
- appraisal of resources
available to cope with it
Judgements
3 Stress response
- what consequences could be
Appraisal of personal meaning
4 Stress response
- what outcome might imply to us
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Stress
- Physiological response pattern to strong and prolonged stressors
Alarm reaction
Stress
- Rapid increase in physiological arousal
- fight or flight
- Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine
- Adrenal cortex produces cortisol, triggers increase in blood sugars, suppresses immune system
- constant secretion of cortisol causes depression/anxiety disorder
Resistance
body resisting parasympathetic system
trying to calm down
Exaustion
Neuroticism
- heightened tendency to experience negative emotions
Psychosomatic disorders
- physical symptoms caused by physiological factors (hypertension)
Anxiety
- Subjective distress
disorders - panic attack, panic disorder, phobic disorder, OCD, PTSD
PTSD
caused by trauma
- Onset immediate or months later
- Painful, uncontrollable reliving of the event in flashbacks, dreams and fantasies
- Some show self destructive/impulsive behaviour
- no PTSD - activity in left hemisphere when thinking of traumatic event
with PTSD - activity in right hemisphere
brain sections happiness
right - happy
left - sad
Stress and illness
stress increases risk of illness
physiological toughness
Stress protective factors
- high physiological toughness means low levels of cortisol and strong jump in catecholamines. levels of both return to baseline after stressor is dealt with
• Catecholamines - epinephrine and NE (boosts immune system)
• Corticosteroids - mainly cortisol (damages it)
Transtheoretical model
Pre-contemplation - problem unrecognized
Contemplation - problem recognized
Preparation - Preparing to change behavior
Action - implementing change strategy
Maintenance - behavior change maintained
Termination - permanent change; no maintenance required
Bandura’s social cognitive theory
people learn from those they admire
• Produce highly engaging “entertainment-education” radio dramas to increase
awareness and counteract false beliefs (as was done in Tanzania)
• Positive role models with positive consequences
• Negative role models with negative ones
• Transitional models who start out bad and get better
• Viewers of the show reduced sex parters, used condoms more, showed positive
attitudes to family planning and desired smaller families
Motivational Interviewing
Substance abuse treatment
- Leads people to their own conclusions by
asking questions, revealing their
discrepancies between self and ideal-self.
Harm reduction approaches
Substance abuse treatment
- reduce harmful effects of behaviour when it occurs
Multimodal treatment approaches
Substance abuse treatment
multiple approaches together
Relapse prevention
Substance abuse treatment
- relapses caused by lapses - one time slip due to high stress situation
Abstinence violation effect - person becomes self blaming over failure - reduces self efficacy
Abnormal behavior
psychological disorder
personally distressing,
dysfunctional and/or so culturally deviant so that other
people judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive
Anxiety disorders
Intense, frequent, innapropriate anxiety, but still in contact with reality (phobias, panic, OCD, PTSD)
Characteristics
• Subjective-emotional distress
• Avoidance-escape behavior
• Interference in daily routine and social
functioning
Mood/affective disorders
marked disturbances in mood (depression, mania)
Somatoform disorders
physical symptoms such as blindness, paralysis or pain with no physical basis
Dissociative disorders
problems of consciousness or self identification
(amnesia, multiple
personalities)
Schizophrenic and other
psychotic disorders
disorders of
thinking, perception and emotion -
loss of contact with reality
Substance abuse disorders
personal and social problems with
psychoactive substances
Sexual and gender identity
disorders
sexual dysfunctions,
deviant sexual behaviors
(molestation, fetishes), desire to be opposite sex
Eating disorders
anorexia and bulimia
Personality disorders
rigid,
stable and maladaptive personality patterns
(antisocial, dependent,
paranoid, narcissistic)
History of disorders
Ancient societies thought were caused by demons
- Mental illness was not always considered mental or illness
• Pythagoras suggests mental disorders are a disease of the mind
Trephination
History of disorders
- drill a hole in the skull to release the spirit
Rosenhan
got normal people admitted to mental hospitals by getting people to wake up and say they heard voices
- normal behaviour taken as symptom (writing notes)
Vulnerability-stress model
each of us has some degree of vulnerability for developing a psychological disorder given sufficient stress
Until mid 70s there was either
- Neurosis - anxiety, such as a phobia (still in touch with reality) or - Psychosis - thought disturbance, such as schizophrenia (lost touch with reality)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- chronic “free-floating” anxiety that
is not attached to specific situations or objects
• Expect something bad to happen, don’t know what
• Sweating, diarrhea also occurs
Panic disorder
Anxiety disorder
- sudden panic attacks
- no identifiable cause
- diagnosed when there is fear of future attack
OCD
Anxiety disorder
Obsessions - repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images, or
impulses (cognitive)
• Compulsions - repetitive behavioral responses, like cleaning
rituals (behavioral)
• Doing the compulsions prevents great anxiety and panic attacks
• Patients know the compulsions don’t make sense, and wish they
could stop
• May be due to decreased serotonin activity
causes of anxiety disorders
has biological factors
// Psychodynamic View - unacceptable impulses
threaten to overwhelm the ego’s defenses
// Behavioral View/learned response
• Classical conditioning - develop phobia after being
bitten by snake
• Observational learning - develop fear from
watching TV
• Operant conditioning - avoidance (agoraphobia)
and compulsions are negatively reinforced
// Cognitive View
• Patients expect the worst and feel powerless to cope
Sociocultural - some anxiety disorders are culture specific
Phobia
Strong, irrational fear of certain objects or situations
