Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 1000 > final 1 > Flashcards

final 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Psychic energy

A

generated by instinctual drives pressing for release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Freud aspects of personality

A

Id, Ego, Superego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pleasure principle

A

maximize pleasure, minimize pain, followed by id

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primary Process Theory

A

followed by id

- if needs cant be met with reality, fantasy will do,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Reality Principle

A

followed by ego

- checks reality to determine when id can safely discharge impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Executive of personality

A

balances superego and id

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

id

A

first to develop, unconscious, irrational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ego

A
  • second to develop, helps id contact reality
    Reality principle - tests reality to decide when the Id can safely
    discharge its impulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

superego

A
  • last to develop at age 4-5

Repository for ideals and values of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

reality anxiety

A

fear of real world threats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

fear of id’s desires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

moral anxiety

A

fear of superego’s guilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sublimination

A

defense mechanism

- mask forbidden underlying impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Projection

A

defense mechanism

- attributing impulse to other people (I hate you cause you hate me)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

regression

A

defense mechanism

- mentally return to earlier, safer state (thumb sucking, bed wetting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intellectialization

A

defense mechanism

- situation treated as intellectually interesting event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reaction formation

A

defense mechanism

- exaggerated opposite behaviour (sarcasm, basically)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Conversion

A

defense mechanism

- conflict converted to physical symptom (develop blindness so can’t see situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Displacement

A

defense mechanism

- use secondary goal as outlet (get angry at someone unrelated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rationalization

A

defense mechanism

- making things seem good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

isolation

A

defense mechanism

- memories allowed back into consciousness but without motives or emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Free association

A

patient allowed to say anything, analyst looks for associations and resistance, preferred by Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neoanalysts

A
  • disagreed with Freud

- focuses more on cultural, social aspects compared to sexuality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adler

A

Neoanalyst

  • humans motivated by social interest, desire to improve welfare of others
  • Humans want superiority
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Jung

A

Neoanalyst, analytic psychology
- people have collective unconscious that consists of memories accumulated through entire history of human race in addition to personal unconscious based on life experiences
Represented as archetypes - inherited tendencies to interpret experience in certain ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Object Relation theorists
- Klien, Kernberg, Haler, Kohl
Neoanalyst

A
  • Focus on mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as result of early experience with caregivers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Self Theory

Humanistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Self Theory

A

Humanistic
Carl Rogers
- Behaviour is response to one’s conscious experience
- Internal forces are not distorted or blocked, instead direct to self-actualization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Congruence

A

Self Theory

Consistency between self-perceptions and experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Defense mechanism

A

ego may resort to this, denies/distorts reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Repression

A

Defense mechanism

- ego uses some energy to prevent anxiety-arousing memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

self actualization

A

Total realization of one’s human potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Personal constructs

A

Cognitive categories into which they sort the people and events in their lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

self consistency

A

Self Theory

- absence of conflict among self-perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Factor analysis

A

allows researchers to find out

which behaviors are correlated with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factors

A

Trait/Biological perspective
• Asked thousands of people to rate themselves
• Found 16 basic behavior clusters
• Developed profiles for individuals, and distinct
groups (athletes, artists)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Five Factor Model

A

Trait/Biological perspective
• Openness, conscientiousness,
extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (OCEAN)
• The big 5 seldom show correlations to behavior
beyond 0.2-0.3, so they added 6 sub-categories
under each factor called facets
• NEO-PI test measures these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Eyesnck

A

Trait/Biological perspective
- Started with just two basic traits: introversion-extroversion
stability-instability
• These two are uncorrelated
• Later added third: psychoticism-self control
• Psychoticism is creativity, tendency towards nonconformity, impulsivity, social deviance
-believed extreme introverts were chronically
overaroused, and that extreme extroverts were chronically underaroused
- Stability-instability is related to autonomic nervous system,
Novelty-seeking is related to dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Stability of Personality

A
  • introversion/extraversion, Optimism/pessimism,
    emotionality & activity level tend to be stable
  • honesty/conscientiousness are
    different depending on the situation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Social Cognitive Theorists

A
  • focus on both internal and external causes of personality
  • theories have a strong scientific base and explain apparent contradictions of consistency
  • Rotter, Bandura, Mischel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Social Cognitive

- person, behaviour, and environment all influence each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Rotter

A

Social Cognitive

  • Whether we do something is determined by Expectancy (what we expect the behaviour to cause) and reinforcement value (how much we desire/dread expected outcome)
  • Internal/external locus of control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Expectancy

A

Rotter

- what we expect behaviour to cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Reinforcement value

A

Rotter

- How much we desire/dread expected outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Internal locus of control/ generalized expectancy

A

Rotter

- believe life outcomes are largely under personal control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

External locus of control/

generalized expectancy

A

Rotter

- believe fate has to do with luck, chance, others

47
Q

Internal/external locus of control

A

called generalized expectancy
- internal locus people’s behaviour is more self determined, they do better in school, are independent but cooperative, resistant to social influence, and healthier

48
Q

Bandura

A

Social cognitive

- human agency - humans are active agents in their own lives

49
Q

Human agency

A

Bandura
- humans are active agents in their own lives
• We are self-reflective and self-regulatory

50
Q

Intentionality

A

Bandura

- we plan, modify plans, act with intention

51
Q

Forthought

A

Bandura
- we anticipate outcomes, set goals, actively
choose behavior

52
Q

Self-reactiveness

A

Bandura

- motivating and regulating our own actions

53
Q

Self-reflectiveness

A

Bandura

- evaluate our own actions

54
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Bandura
- beliefs concerning one’s
ability to perform what is needed

55
Q

Previous performance attainments

A

Affects self efficacy

- in similar situations

56
Q

Observational learning

A

Affects self efficacy

- If he can do it so can I

57
Q

Verbal persuation

A

Affects self efficacy

- inspiration from others

58
Q

Emotional arounsal

A

Affects self efficacy

- our ability to control it

59
Q

Mischel

A

Social cognitive

- need to consider individual ways of understanding events

60
Q

Consistency paradox

A

Mischel

- expect and perceive high consistency of personality, but in reality varies greatly with situations

61
Q

Cognitive-affective personality system

A

Mischel
- both person and situation matter
• If-then behavior consistencies - there is consistency in behavior in similar situation

62
Q

Interviews

A

Personality Assessment
- structured interviews - standardized situation
- Must look at more than what they’re saying:
appearance, speech patterns, posture
• Limitations: interviewer themselves affect result,
also depends on how honest the interviewee is

63
Q

Projective tests

A

Personality Assessment
- Psychodynamic says we can’t use interviews since we want to know whats in unconscious
• Objective measures of personality have better reliability and validity than
projective
Rorschach inkblots, thematic Apperception test

64
Q

Rorschach inkblots

A

Projective test

what does this inkblot look like?

65
Q

Thematic Apperception test

A

Projective test

  • what is going on in this scene?
  • what are people feeling?
66
Q

Personality Scales

A

Personal Assessment
Objective - standard set of questions, lying is ok because can be used as data for other test
- Rational approach - determine what introverts say about themselves
- Empirical approach - what introverts tend to say yes to , whether or not it makes intuitive sense

67
Q

Remote behaviour sampling

A

Personality assessment

- collecting samples of behaviour from respondents as they live daily lives

68
Q

Microstressors

A

Stressor

- Daily hassles and annoyances

69
Q

Catastrophic events

A

Stressor

- self explanatory

70
Q

Major negative events

A

Stressor

- more personal

71
Q

Life event scales

A

Stress

- measure severity of stressor by measuring intensity, duration, predictability, controllability, chronicity

72
Q

Stress response

A
  • Primary appraisal
  • Secondary appraisal
  • Judgements
  • Appraisal of personal meaning
73
Q

Primary appraisal

A

1 Stress response
- appraisal of the demand
of the situation

74
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

2 Stress response
- appraisal of resources
available to cope with it

75
Q

Judgements

A

3 Stress response

- what consequences could be

76
Q

Appraisal of personal meaning

A

4 Stress response

- what outcome might imply to us

77
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

Stress

- Physiological response pattern to strong and prolonged stressors

78
Q

Alarm reaction

A

Stress

  • Rapid increase in physiological arousal
  • fight or flight
  • Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine
  • Adrenal cortex produces cortisol, triggers increase in blood sugars, suppresses immune system
  • constant secretion of cortisol causes depression/anxiety disorder
79
Q

Resistance

A

body resisting parasympathetic system

trying to calm down

80
Q

Exaustion

A
81
Q

Neuroticism

A
  • heightened tendency to experience negative emotions
82
Q

Psychosomatic disorders

A
  • physical symptoms caused by physiological factors (hypertension)
83
Q

Anxiety

A
  • Subjective distress

disorders - panic attack, panic disorder, phobic disorder, OCD, PTSD

84
Q

PTSD

A

caused by trauma
- Onset immediate or months later
- Painful, uncontrollable reliving of the event in flashbacks, dreams and fantasies
- Some show self destructive/impulsive behaviour
- no PTSD - activity in left hemisphere when thinking of traumatic event
with PTSD - activity in right hemisphere

85
Q

brain sections happiness

A

right - happy

left - sad

86
Q

Stress and illness

A

stress increases risk of illness

87
Q

physiological toughness

A

Stress protective factors
- high physiological toughness means low levels of cortisol and strong jump in catecholamines. levels of both return to baseline after stressor is dealt with
• Catecholamines - epinephrine and NE (boosts immune system)
• Corticosteroids - mainly cortisol (damages it)

88
Q

Transtheoretical model

A

Pre-contemplation - problem unrecognized
Contemplation - problem recognized
Preparation - Preparing to change behavior
Action - implementing change strategy
Maintenance - behavior change maintained
Termination - permanent change; no maintenance required

89
Q

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

A

people learn from those they admire
• Produce highly engaging “entertainment-education” radio dramas to increase
awareness and counteract false beliefs (as was done in Tanzania)
• Positive role models with positive consequences
• Negative role models with negative ones
• Transitional models who start out bad and get better
• Viewers of the show reduced sex parters, used condoms more, showed positive
attitudes to family planning and desired smaller families

90
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A

Substance abuse treatment
- Leads people to their own conclusions by
asking questions, revealing their
discrepancies between self and ideal-self.

91
Q

Harm reduction approaches

A

Substance abuse treatment

- reduce harmful effects of behaviour when it occurs

92
Q

Multimodal treatment approaches

A

Substance abuse treatment

multiple approaches together

93
Q

Relapse prevention

A

Substance abuse treatment
- relapses caused by lapses - one time slip due to high stress situation
Abstinence violation effect - person becomes self blaming over failure - reduces self efficacy

94
Q

Abnormal behavior

A

psychological disorder
personally distressing,
dysfunctional and/or so culturally deviant so that other
people judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive

95
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Intense, frequent, innapropriate anxiety, but still in contact with reality (phobias, panic, OCD, PTSD)
Characteristics
• Subjective-emotional distress
• Avoidance-escape behavior
• Interference in daily routine and social
functioning

96
Q

Mood/affective disorders

A

marked disturbances in mood (depression, mania)

97
Q

Somatoform disorders

A

physical symptoms such as blindness, paralysis or pain with no physical basis

98
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

problems of consciousness or self identification
(amnesia, multiple
personalities)

99
Q

Schizophrenic and other

psychotic disorders

A

disorders of
thinking, perception and emotion -
loss of contact with reality

100
Q

Substance abuse disorders

A

personal and social problems with

psychoactive substances

101
Q

Sexual and gender identity

disorders

A

sexual dysfunctions,
deviant sexual behaviors
(molestation, fetishes), desire to be opposite sex

102
Q

Eating disorders

A

anorexia and bulimia

103
Q

Personality disorders

A

rigid,
stable and maladaptive personality patterns
(antisocial, dependent,
paranoid, narcissistic)

104
Q

History of disorders

A

Ancient societies thought were caused by demons
- Mental illness was not always considered mental or illness
• Pythagoras suggests mental disorders are a disease of the mind

105
Q

Trephination

A

History of disorders

- drill a hole in the skull to release the spirit

106
Q

Rosenhan

A

got normal people admitted to mental hospitals by getting people to wake up and say they heard voices
- normal behaviour taken as symptom (writing notes)

107
Q

Vulnerability-stress model

A

each of us has some degree of vulnerability for developing a psychological disorder given sufficient stress

108
Q

Until mid 70s there was either

A 
- Neurosis - anxiety, such
as a phobia (still in touch
with reality)
or
- Psychosis - thought disturbance,
such as schizophrenia (lost touch
with reality)
109
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A
  • chronic “free-floating” anxiety that
    is not attached to specific situations or objects
    • Expect something bad to happen, don’t know what
    • Sweating, diarrhea also occurs
110
Q

Panic disorder

A

Anxiety disorder

  • sudden panic attacks
  • no identifiable cause
  • diagnosed when there is fear of future attack
111
Q

OCD

A

Anxiety disorder
Obsessions - repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images, or
impulses (cognitive)
• Compulsions - repetitive behavioral responses, like cleaning
rituals (behavioral)
• Doing the compulsions prevents great anxiety and panic attacks
• Patients know the compulsions don’t make sense, and wish they
could stop
• May be due to decreased serotonin activity

112
Q

causes of anxiety disorders

A

has biological factors
// Psychodynamic View - unacceptable impulses
threaten to overwhelm the ego’s defenses
// Behavioral View/learned response
• Classical conditioning - develop phobia after being
bitten by snake
• Observational learning - develop fear from
watching TV
• Operant conditioning - avoidance (agoraphobia)
and compulsions are negatively reinforced
// Cognitive View
• Patients expect the worst and feel powerless to cope
Sociocultural - some anxiety disorders are culture specific

113
Q

Phobia

A

Strong, irrational fear of certain objects or situations

Psychology 1000 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions