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Chemistry Final > Final 1 > Flashcards

Final 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anything that has mass and occupies space

A

Matter

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2
Q

The study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes

A

Chemistry

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3
Q

The study of compounds containing carbon

A

Organic chemistry

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4
Q

The study of substances that, in general, do not contain carbon

A

Inorganic chemistry

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5
Q

The area of chemistry that focuses on processes that take place in organisms

A

Biochemistry

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6
Q

The area of chemistry that focuses on the composition of matter

A

Analytical chemistry

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7
Q

The area of chemistry that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change

A

Physical chemistry

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8
Q

The pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake

A

Pure chemistry

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9
Q

Research that is directed toward a practical goal or application

A

Applied chemistry

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10
Q

The means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired

A

Technology

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11
Q

A logical,systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

A

Scientific method

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12
Q

Information obtained through the senses

A

Observation

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13
Q

A proposed explanation for an observation

A

Hypothesis

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14
Q

A repeatable procedure that is used to test a hypothesis

A

Experiment

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15
Q

The variable that is changed during an experiment; also called manipulated variable

A

Independent variable

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16
Q

The variable that is observed during an experiment; also called responding variable

A

Dependent variable

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17
Q

A representation of an object or event

A

Model

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18
Q

A well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations

A

Theory

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19
Q

A concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments

A

Scientific law

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20
Q

A measure of the amount of matter that an object contains

A

Mass

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21
Q

A measure of the space occupied by a sample of matter

A

Volume

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22
Q

A property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample

A

Extensive property

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23
Q

A property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter

A

Intensive property

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24
Q

Matter that has a uniform and definite composition; either an element or a compound

A

Substance

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25
Q

A quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition

A

Physical property

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26
Q

A form of matter that as a definite shape and volume

A

Solid

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27
Q

A form of matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and an indefinite shape

A

Liquid

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28
Q

A form of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container

A

Gas

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29
Q

Describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature

A

Vapor

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30
Q

A change during which some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change

A

Physical change

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31
Q

A physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

A

Mixture

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32
Q

A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture

A

Heterogeneous mixture

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33
Q

A mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished

A

Homogeneous mixture

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34
Q

A homogeneous mixture; consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent

A

Solution

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35
Q

Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties

A

Phase

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36
Q

A process that separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture

A

Filtration

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37
Q

A process used to separate components of a mixture using differences in boiling points

A

Distillation

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38
Q

The simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties

A

Element

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39
Q

A substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion

A

Compound

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40
Q

A change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter

A

Chemical change

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41
Q

A one or two letter representation of an element

A

Chemical symbol

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42
Q

An arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties

A

Periodic table

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43
Q

A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

A

Period

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44
Q

A vertical column of elements in the periodic table; the constituent elements of a group have similar chemical and physical properties

A

Group

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45
Q

The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change

A

Chemical property

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46
Q

A change in which one or more reactants change into one or more products; characterized by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products

A

Chemical reaction

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47
Q

A substance present at the start of a reaction

A

Reactant

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48
Q

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

A

Product

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49
Q

A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture

A

Precipitate

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50
Q

In any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved; mass can neither be created nor destroyed

A

Law of conservation of mass

51
Q

A quantitative description that includes both a number and a unit

A

Measurement

52
Q

An expression of numbers in the form mx10n, where m is equal to or greater than 1 and less than 10, and n is an integer

A

Scientific notation

53
Q

The closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is being measured

A

Accuracy

54
Q

Describes the closeness or reproducibility, of a set of measurements taken under the same conditions

A

Precision

55
Q

A quantity used by general agreement of the scientific community

A

Accepted value

56
Q

A quantitative value measured during an experiment

A

Experimental value

57
Q

The difference between the accepted value and the experimental value

A

Error

58
Q

The percent that a measured value differs from the accepted value

A

Percent error

59
Q

All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit

A

Significant figures

60
Q

The revised version of the metric system, adopted by international agreement in 1960

A

International system of units (SI)

61
Q

The base unit of length in SI

A

Meter

62
Q

The volume of a cube measuring 10 centimeters on each edge. It is the common unprefixed unit of volume in the metric system

A

Liter

63
Q

The mass of 1 L of water at 4° C; it is the base unit if mass in SI

A

Kilogram

64
Q

A metric mass unit equal to the mass of 1cm3 of water at 4°C

A

Gram

65
Q

A force that measures the pull of gravity on a given mass

A

Weight

66
Q

The capacity for doing work or producing heat

A

Energy

67
Q

The SI unit of energy

A

Joule

68
Q

The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of pure water at 1° C.

A

Calorie

69
Q

A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in matter

A

Temperature

70
Q

The temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C

A

Celsius scale

71
Q

The temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 273 and the boiling point is 373 K; 0 K is absolute zero

A

Kelvin scale

72
Q

The point on the Kelvin temperature scale, equivalent to -273°C

A

Absolute zero

73
Q

The ratio of the mass of an object to its volume

A

Density

74
Q

A ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert a quantity from one unit to another

A

Conversion factor

75
Q

A technique of problem-solving that uses the units that are part of a measurement to help solve the problem

A

Dimensional analysis

76
Q

The smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction

A

Atom

77
Q

The first theory to relate chemical changes to events at the atomic level

A

Dalton’s atomic theory

78
Q

A negatively charged subatomic particle

A

Electron

79
Q

A stream of electrons produced at the negative electrode of a tube containing a gas at low pressure

A

Cathode ray

80
Q

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

A

Proton

81
Q

A subatomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu

A

Neutron

82
Q

The tiny, dense central portion of an atom, composed or protons and neutrons

A

Nucleus

83
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element

A

Atomic number

84
Q

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

A

Mass number

85
Q

Atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses due to a different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

86
Q

A unit of mass equal to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom

A

Atomic mass unit

87
Q

The weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element

A

Atomic mass

88
Q

The specific energies an electron in an atom or other system can have

A

Energy level

89
Q

The amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another

A

Quantum

90
Q

The modern description, primarily mathematical, of the behavior of electrons in atoms

A

Quantum mechanical model

91
Q

A mathematical expression describing the probability of finding an electron at various locations; usually represented by the region of space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron

A

Atomic orbital

92
Q

The arrangement of electrons of an atom in its ground state into various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms

A

Electron configuration

93
Q

The rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first

A

Aufbau Principle

94
Q

An atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin direction

A

Pauli exclusion Principle

95
Q

A quantum mechanical property of electrons that may be thought of as clockwise or counterclockwise

A

Spin

96
Q

Electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number or electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible

A

Hund’s rule

97
Q

When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties

A

Periodic law

98
Q

One of a class of elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current

A

Metal

99
Q

An element that tends to be a poor conductor of heat and electric current

A

Nonmetal

100
Q

An element that tends to have properties that are similar to those of both metals and nonmetals

A

Metalloid

101
Q

Any metal in Group 1A of the periodic table

A

Alkali metal

102
Q

Any metal in Group 2A of the periodic table

A

Alkaline earth metal

103
Q

A nonmetal in Group 7A of the periodic table

A

Halogen

104
Q

An element in Group 8A of the periodic table

A

Noble gas

105
Q

An element in an “A” group in the periodic table; as a group these elements display a wide range of physical and chemical properties. In their atoms, the s and p sublevels in the highest occupied energy level are partially filled

A

Representative element

106
Q

One of the Group B element in which the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel generally contain electrons

A

Transition metal

107
Q

An element in the lanthanide or actinide series; the highest occupied energy sublevel and nearby f sublevel of its atoms generally contain electrons

A

Inner transition metal

108
Q

One-half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same elements when the atoms are joined

A

Atomic radius

109
Q

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge

A

Ion

110
Q

Any atom or group of atoms with a positive charge

A

Cation

111
Q

Any atom or group of atoms with a negative charge

A

Anion

112
Q

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state

A

Ionization energy

113
Q

The ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound

A

Electronegativity

114
Q

An electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom

A

Valence electron

115
Q

A notation that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of the element

A

Electron dot structure

116
Q

Atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence electrons

A

Octet rule

117
Q

A negative ion formed when a halogen atom gains an electron

A

Halide ion

118
Q

A compound composed of positive and negative ions

A

Ionic compound

119
Q

The electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions together

A

Ionic bond

120
Q

An expression that indicates the number and type of atoms present in the smallest representative unit of a substance

A

Chemical formula

121
Q

The lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound

A

Formula unit

122
Q

The number of ions of opposite charge that surround each ion in a crystal

A

Coordination number

123
Q

The force of attraction that holds metals together; it consists of the attraction of free-floating valence electrons for positively charged metal ions

A

Metallic bond

124
Q

A mixture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal

A

Alloy

Chemistry Final (1 decks)

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