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Grade 9 Biology > Final 1 > Flashcards

Final 1 Flashcards

1
Q

organic molecule:

A

carbon-based molecule

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2
Q

inorganic molecule:

A

non-carbon based molecule

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3
Q

inorganic molecule example:

A

water oxygen and ammonia

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4
Q

hydrocarbon:

A

organic molecule composed of hydrogen and carbon

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5
Q

example of hydrocarbon:

A

methane which is used to heat homes

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6
Q

functional group:

A

a group of atoms within a molecule that interact with other molecules in predictable ways

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7
Q

hydrophilic:

A

attracts water

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8
Q

monomers:

A

smaller molecular units

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9
Q

polymers:

A

chain made of monomers

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10
Q

two forms of a polymer:

A

long chain of monomers of chains that fold back on themselves

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11
Q

lifes large molecules:

A

carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids

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12
Q

dehydration reaction:

A

each time a monomer is added to a chain a water molecule is released

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13
Q

3 types of sugars:

A

monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

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14
Q

which sugars are found in which places?

A

fructose: fruits
glucose(white sugar): everywhere
galactose: milk

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15
Q

carbohydrate:

A

organic compound made up of sugar molecules

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16
Q

what elements does sugar contain?

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen
(1 carbon 2 hydrogen 1 oxygen)

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17
Q

monosaccharide:

A

one sugar unit simple sugars contain

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18
Q

what does honey contain?

A

glucose and fructose

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19
Q

what forms is glucose found in?

A

straight chain and ring shape

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20
Q

main fuel supply for cellular work:

A

sugar molecules (glucose)

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21
Q

what happens to glucose molecules that are not used immediately by cells

A

they are usually incorporated into larger carbohydrates or they’re used to make fat molecules

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22
Q

how is a disaccharide formed

A

dehydration reaction

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23
Q

most common disaccharide

A

sucrose

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24
Q

function of sucrose:

A

nourishes all parts of the plant

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25
Q

what can sucrose be broken down into

A

glucose and fructose

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26
Q

polysaccharide:

A

long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers

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27
Q

example of polysaccharide:

A

starch

28
Q

glycogen:

A

polysaccharide stored in animals as a form of energy in animals

29
Q

what do animals do instead of containing starch

A

they store excess sugar in the form glycogen

30
Q

functions of cellulose:

A

serves as a building material
protects cells
stiffens plant
prevents plant from flopping over

31
Q

what is cellulose made up of

A

glucose monomers

32
Q

hydrophobic:

A

water avoiding molecules

33
Q

functions of lipid molecules

A

circulate in your body as chemical signals to cells
protect cells

34
Q

what does a fat consist of

A

glycerol attached to three fatty acids

35
Q

what happens to oils at room temperature

A

they become liquids

36
Q

functions of fatty tissues

A

store energy for later use
cushion your organs
provide body with insulation

37
Q

saturated fat:

A

a fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

38
Q

where are saturated fats found

A

beef pork full fat dairy products eggs and tropical oils

39
Q

are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature

A

solid

40
Q

unsaturated fat:

A

a fatty acid in which there is atleast one double bond within the fatty acid chain

41
Q

examples of unsaturated fats:

A

nuts avocado seeds olive oil fish and corn oil

42
Q

why are diets rich in unsaturated fats unhealthy

A

they promote the buildup of plaques within the walls of the blood vessels

43
Q

what can happen when plaque builds up on the walls of the blood vessels

A

they can reduce blood flow and lead to heart disease

44
Q

function of steroids

A

circulate in your body as chemical signals

45
Q

best known steroid

A

cholesterol

46
Q

cholesterol:

A

essential molecule found in the membranes that surround your cells

47
Q

why does cholesterol have a bad reputation

A

high levels of particular cholesterol containing substances in the blood are linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease

48
Q

protein:

A

polymer constructed from 20 kinds of amino acids

49
Q

functions of protein:

A

form hair and fur
make up muscles
provide long term nutrient storage

50
Q

amino acid:

A

molecule that combines to form proteins

51
Q

functions of amino acid:

A

break down food
build muscle
grow and repair body tissue

52
Q

types of hormones:

A

sexual:
male –> testosterone
female –> estrogen and progestrone

non sexual:
aldhestrone
cortizone
T3/T4

53
Q

what does each amino acid monomer consist of

A

a central carbon atom bonded to four partners

54
Q

explain how cells create proteins

A

cells create proteins by linking amino acids together into a polypeptide
each link is created by a dehydration reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the next amino acid in the chain

55
Q

denaturation process:

A

when a change in temperature pH or some other quality of the environment can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape

56
Q

example of denaturation process:

A

when frying eggs the egg white changes from a clear liquid to a white solid

57
Q

what happens to a denatured protein and why

A

a denatured protein cant work properly because a proteins function depends on its shape

58
Q

what is necessary to start a chemical reaction

A

you need to weaken chemical bonds in the reactant molecules

59
Q

activation energy:

A

start up energy for a chemical reaction

60
Q

one way to provide activation energy:

A

heat up the mixture of molecules

61
Q

catalyst:

A

compound that speeds up chemical reactions

62
Q

enzyme:

A

the main catalyst of chemical reactions in organisms

63
Q

example of activation energy:

A

when you burn a candle you meed to provide the initial energy (match)

64
Q

why does an enzyme catalyze only one type of reaction

A

the shape of each enzyme fits the shape of only particular reactant molecules

65
Q

substrate:

A

a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

66
Q

how does a substrate fit itself into an active site

A

as the substrate enters the active site changes shape slightly fitting the shape more snugly

67
Q

function of the enzyme sucrase:

A

catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose

Grade 9 Biology (3 decks)

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