Final 1 Flashcards
organic molecule:
carbon-based molecule
inorganic molecule:
non-carbon based molecule
inorganic molecule example:
water oxygen and ammonia
hydrocarbon:
organic molecule composed of hydrogen and carbon
example of hydrocarbon:
methane which is used to heat homes
functional group:
a group of atoms within a molecule that interact with other molecules in predictable ways
hydrophilic:
attracts water
monomers:
smaller molecular units
polymers:
chain made of monomers
two forms of a polymer:
long chain of monomers of chains that fold back on themselves
lifes large molecules:
carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids
dehydration reaction:
each time a monomer is added to a chain a water molecule is released
3 types of sugars:
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
which sugars are found in which places?
fructose: fruits
glucose(white sugar): everywhere
galactose: milk
carbohydrate:
organic compound made up of sugar molecules
what elements does sugar contain?
carbon hydrogen and oxygen
(1 carbon 2 hydrogen 1 oxygen)
monosaccharide:
one sugar unit simple sugars contain
what does honey contain?
glucose and fructose
what forms is glucose found in?
straight chain and ring shape
main fuel supply for cellular work:
sugar molecules (glucose)
what happens to glucose molecules that are not used immediately by cells
they are usually incorporated into larger carbohydrates or they’re used to make fat molecules
how is a disaccharide formed
dehydration reaction
most common disaccharide
sucrose
function of sucrose:
nourishes all parts of the plant
what can sucrose be broken down into
glucose and fructose
polysaccharide:
long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers
example of polysaccharide:
starch
glycogen:
polysaccharide stored in animals as a form of energy in animals
what do animals do instead of containing starch
they store excess sugar in the form glycogen
functions of cellulose:
serves as a building material
protects cells
stiffens plant
prevents plant from flopping over
what is cellulose made up of
glucose monomers
hydrophobic:
water avoiding molecules
functions of lipid molecules
circulate in your body as chemical signals to cells
protect cells
what does a fat consist of
glycerol attached to three fatty acids
what happens to oils at room temperature
they become liquids
functions of fatty tissues
store energy for later use
cushion your organs
provide body with insulation
saturated fat:
a fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
where are saturated fats found
beef pork full fat dairy products eggs and tropical oils
are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature
solid
unsaturated fat:
a fatty acid in which there is atleast one double bond within the fatty acid chain
examples of unsaturated fats:
nuts avocado seeds olive oil fish and corn oil
why are diets rich in unsaturated fats unhealthy
they promote the buildup of plaques within the walls of the blood vessels
what can happen when plaque builds up on the walls of the blood vessels
they can reduce blood flow and lead to heart disease
function of steroids
circulate in your body as chemical signals
best known steroid
cholesterol
cholesterol:
essential molecule found in the membranes that surround your cells
why does cholesterol have a bad reputation
high levels of particular cholesterol containing substances in the blood are linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease
protein:
polymer constructed from 20 kinds of amino acids
functions of protein:
form hair and fur
make up muscles
provide long term nutrient storage
amino acid:
molecule that combines to form proteins
functions of amino acid:
break down food
build muscle
grow and repair body tissue
types of hormones:
sexual:
male –> testosterone
female –> estrogen and progestrone
non sexual:
aldhestrone
cortizone
T3/T4
what does each amino acid monomer consist of
a central carbon atom bonded to four partners
explain how cells create proteins
cells create proteins by linking amino acids together into a polypeptide
each link is created by a dehydration reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the next amino acid in the chain
denaturation process:
when a change in temperature pH or some other quality of the environment can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape
example of denaturation process:
when frying eggs the egg white changes from a clear liquid to a white solid
what happens to a denatured protein and why
a denatured protein cant work properly because a proteins function depends on its shape
what is necessary to start a chemical reaction
you need to weaken chemical bonds in the reactant molecules
activation energy:
start up energy for a chemical reaction
one way to provide activation energy:
heat up the mixture of molecules
catalyst:
compound that speeds up chemical reactions
enzyme:
the main catalyst of chemical reactions in organisms
example of activation energy:
when you burn a candle you meed to provide the initial energy (match)
why does an enzyme catalyze only one type of reaction
the shape of each enzyme fits the shape of only particular reactant molecules
substrate:
a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
how does a substrate fit itself into an active site
as the substrate enters the active site changes shape slightly fitting the shape more snugly
function of the enzyme sucrase:
catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose
