final 1

Question 1

what is immune system?

Answer 1

defence system that kills pathogens that invade our body

Question 1

what is self?

Answer 1

self are particles made by our own body.
not killed by the immune system is called tolerance - non reactivity

Question 2

what is non self?

Answer 2

non-self are antigens invading our body such as bacteria, pollen, virus, dust, etc

Question 3

the function of immune system ICIA

Answer 3

1. immunological recognition
2. contain or eliminate the infection via 2 arms - the innate and adaptive immunity
3. immune regulation limits damage to the host by the immune response
4. adaptive immune system generates immunological memory

Question 4

what do both innate and adaptive immune systems have - the 3 phases RAE

Answer 4

recognition
activation
effector

Question 5

cells of the immnune system PALE

Answer 5

phagocytes - innate immunity, digest and kill the microbes - monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils
Antigen-presenting cells - present and display the antigen to the lymphocytes - dendritic cells or macrophages
lymphocytes - in the adaptive immunity, they recognize the antigen and perform the defense function - B and T lymphocyte
effector cells - leukocytes that eliminate the microbes - lymphocytes or natural killer cells

Question 6

haemoptopoesis

Answer 6

process by which WBC are formed - origin of immune cells
occur fetal liver and then in bone marrow and thymus

Question 7

what are the primary lymphoid organs

Answer 7

fetal liver, bone marrow and thymus

Question 8

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 8

spleen and lymph node

Question 9

in which organ does t cell development occur

Answer 9

thymus

Question 10

what are cytokines

Answer 10

they are chemical messengers
small proteins released by a cell in order to change a function of the same or another cell

Question 11

are chemokines like cytokines

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

what are the cause of high WBC count?

Answer 12

• infection
• inflammation
• leukemia
• stress
• post transplantation of organs

Question 13

what are the cause of low WBC count?

Answer 13

• viral infection
• severe bacterial infection
• bone marrow suppression

Question 14

if neutrophils are low what condition is it?

Answer 14

neutropenia

Question 15

additional test to confirm a blood test result - already performed - FBC and differential count

Answer 15

histological test

Question 16

what other infection can low neutrophils cause?

Answer 16

bacterial infection

Question 17

innate immunity

Answer 17

immediate response to kill microbes or antigens

Question 18

what are the cells involved in innate immunity - MND is No Known Mask Butterfly Eagle

Answer 18

macrophages
neutrophils
dendritic cells
Natural killer cells
mast cells
basophils
eosinophils

Question 19

what is the first line of defense?

Answer 19

physical and biochemical barriers

Question 20

where are the physical and biochemical barriers found in the body

Answer 20

skin
gut
lung

Question 21

what is pattern recognition receptor - prr

Answer 21

cells have sensors on them to differentiate the self vs nonself and the sensors are called PRR

Question 22

what are the PAMPS - pathogen-associated molecular pattern

Answer 22

they are molecular structures commonly found in the pathogen

Question 23

so what does prr do to pamps

Answer 23

PRR recognise the pamp

Question 24

example of PRR

Answer 24

toll like receptor

Question 25

innate immune functions

Answer 25

1. phagocytosis - eating of the antigen - macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cell
2. complement activation - family of defense molecules - impt to defense against bacteria and fungi - functions - opsonization and inflammation
3. inflammation - can have fever aslo 3 stages - dialtion of capillaries, microvascular structure changes and leukocyte transmigration
4. type 1 interferon - cytokines can be produced by almost all nucleated cells in response to viral infection
5. natural killer cells - kill by the process called apoptosis

Question 26

adaptive immune system what is it

Answer 26

specific immune system, systemic, has memory and defense

Question 27

what are the cell receptors for adaptive immune system

Answer 27

t cell and b cell and antibody - secreted by b cell