Final 1

Question 1

What are Piaget’s stages?

Answer 1

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational (language & symbolic)
3. Concrete Operational (mental operations, no hypothetical reasoning, based on experience)
4. Formal operational (logic, abstract, metacognition)

Question 2

When does first puberty symptoms hit in westernized cultures

Answer 2

8 (girls) 9/10 (boys)

Question 3

automacy

Answer 3

refers to how much cognition is required for a task. The more automacy, the less cognitive energy and space required.

Question 4

What characterizes the age of adolescence

Answer 4

Child labour laws

Required high school

research into adolescence as a distinct period of development

Question 5

3 genotype interactions

Answer 5

Passive genotype —>enviro

Evocative genotype —>enviro

Active genotype —->enviro

Question 6

3 worldview ethics

Answer 6

Community (increases with age)

Divinity (increases with age)

Autonomy (stays the same)

Question 7

What is a worldview approach?

Answer 7

Worldview–>
moral reasoning–>
moral education–>
moral behaviour–>

• it is one’s beliefs about being human, how to conduct human relations and problem solving

Question 8

Kohlberg’s moral reasoning stages

Answer 8

Preconventional
Conventional
Post Conventional

Question 9

Preconventional moral reasoning

Answer 9

1) Punishment & Obedience: avoiding punishment

2) Individualism & Purpose: meeting my own needs

Question 10

Conventional Reasoning

Answer 10

3) Interpersonal concordance: conformity to role expectations
4) Social systems orientation: law and justice

Question 11

Post Conventional Reasoning

Answer 11

5) Community rights and individual rights

6) Universal Ethical principles

Question 12

Information Processing Approach

Answer 12

Environment inputs data, which is transformed by our senses. Information can then be stored / retrieved / translated using mental programs, resulting in behavioural responses.

Question 13

Selective attention

Answer 13

attending to one thing rather than others

Question 14

Attentional capacity

Answer 14

how many things we can attend to at one time

Question 15

Gender intensification

Answer 15

socialization of genders is more pronounced during adolescence.

Question 16

Adelson, changes in political beliefs

Answer 16

1) grow less authoritarian
2) laws are social constructs instead of absolute
3) can develop ideology

Question 17

Types of selves

Answer 17

Actual self
Possible self: - ideal self & feared self
False self

Question 18

Baseline self esteem

Answer 18

stable, ongoing sense of well being

Question 19

Barometric self esteem

Answer 19

fluctuating sense of self-worth

Question 20

Contributors to self esteem

Answer 20

school success
teacher approval
peers and friends
parents encouragement and acceptance

Question 21

Social loneliness versus emotional loneliness

Answer 21

social = lack of social connections and friends (quantity)
emotional = relationships lack emotional intimacy (quality)

Question 22

Erikson’s developmental crisis in adolescence

Answer 22

identity versus identity confusion.

founded on the identifications developed in childhood

exploring possible life options (falling in love, possible jobs, possible religious beliefs)

identity confusion occurs if not able to sort out possibilities presented or if previous stages not resolved.

negative identity - chose the unacceptable options

Question 23

Identity status model

Answer 23

Combine different levels of committment versus exploration:

diffusion - No/No
moratorium - No committment, yes exploartion
foreclosure - Yes committement, no exploration
acheivement - Yes/Yes

Question 24

postmodern identity

Answer 24

changes across contexts and life course

Question 25

ethnic identity status model

Answer 25

combines different levels of identification with majority culture and ethnic group

bicultural - high/high
seperated - high ethnic, low majority
assimilated - high majority, low ethnic
Marginal - low/low

Question 26

8 domains of self-concept

Answer 26

scholastic competence
social acceptance
athletic acceptance
physical appearance
job competence
romantic appeal
behavioural competence
close friendship.

Physcial apperance has biggest impact