Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Honors Chemistry > Fin > Flashcards

Fin Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of matter and the changes it undergoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mass

A

the amount of matter in an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Weight

A

the force of gravity acting on an object’s mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

-energy of motion
-measured by temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Potential Energy

A

inversely related to kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Kinetic Theory of Matter/Kinetic Molecular Theory

A

matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

States of Matter

A

-based on particle arrangement
-based on energy of particles and
-the distance between solid particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sublimation

A

solid to gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

deposition

A

gas to solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

plasma

A

-ionized gas
-excellent conductor of electricity
-affected by magnetic fields
-indefinite shape and volume
-most common state of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

point where something is a solid, liquid, and gas

A

triple point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pure Substances

A

-have a uniform and definite composition
-Elements
-Compounds (elements are bonded)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mixtures

A

-two or more substances mixed together
-blended
-no definite composition, cannot assign a fixed ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of Mixtures

A

Heterogeneous
Homogeneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Heterogeneous

A

do not have a uniform composition
-parts of the mixture can be seen and removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Homogeneous

A

uniform composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Physical Properties

A

Properties that can be measured or observed without changing the identity or composition of a substance
-Ex. color, odor, texture etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Physical Changes

A

Changes in appearance without changing the composition of a substance
-Ex. cutting, breaking, pulverizing
Changes in state
-melting, freezing, boiling, subliming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chemical Properties

A

-Properties that indicate HOW a substance reacts with other substances
-only observed when the substance undergoes a chemical change
-Ex. combustible, flammable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chemical Changes (reactions)

A

-One or more substances react to form a completely new substance(s) with DIFFERENT chemical and physical properties
-Ex. rusting, corrosion, digestion, respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Law of Conservation of Mass

A

matter cannot be created or destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Measurement

A

a type of observation
-two types, qualitative and quantitative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Qualitative

A

descriptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Quantitative

A

observation made with a measuring instrument and includes both a number and a unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Accuracy

A

how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Precision

A

how close multiple measurements are to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

% Yeild

A

expected/experimental x 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

% Error

A

abs(expected-experimental) all over expected then x 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Significant Figure rules

A

-All non-zero digits are significant
-Leading zeros are never significant (zeros to the left)
-Captive zeros are always significant
-Trailing zeros are sometimes significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sig Figs- Addition and Subtraction

A

Answer is rounded to the same number of decimal places as the number used in the calculations with the least decimal places
-can only be as accurate as the least accurate value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sig Figs- Multiplication and Division

A

Look at the total number of sig figs
Answer is rounded to the same number of decimal places as the number used in the calculations with the least s. figs
-Round at the END of calculations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Density?

A

D=M/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Volume?

A

V=M/D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Mass?

A

M=VD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Dmitri Mendeleev

A

Organized elements by increasing atomic mass so that the elements in the same row had similar properties
-First periodic table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Henry Mosely

A

Rearranged the elements by increasing atomic number
-Current table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Periodic Law

A

When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic pattern in their physical and chemical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Elements in the same group have _______ properties.

A

similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Elements in the same period have _______ properties

A

different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Metals

A

-left of the staircase
-lustrous
-malleable and ductile
-good conductors
*Includes aluminum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Nonmetals

A

-right of the staircase
-non-lustrous
-brittle
-poor conductors
*Includes hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Metalloids

A

touch staircase and have properties of both metals and nonmetals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Semiconductors

A

normally do not conduct electricity, but will at high temps or when certain substances are added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Democritus

A

First person to think about atoms
-“atomos”
-believed matter was composed of indivisible particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

John Dalton

A
  1. All elements are composed of indivisible particles called atoms
  2. Atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of any one element are different from those of another
  3. Atoms of different elements mix or combine in whole number ratios
  4. Chemical reactions occur when atoms separate, join, or rearrange. In a chemical reaction, atoms of one element NEVER change into another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Cathode Ray Tube Experiment

A

JJ Thompson
-In a tube was an inert gas and two plates, one positive and one negative
-therefore particles must have a positive and a negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

JJ Thompson

A

-Discovered the electron

-Cathode Ray Tube Experiment

-Plum Pudding Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Ernest Rutherford

A

-Gold foil experiment
-discovered the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Gold foil expriment

A

Rutherford
-Shot high-energy beam of alpha particles into gold foil
Observations:
-Most went through, a few particles were deflected at small anges
-Very rarely particles were deflected at large angles
Conclusions:
-atom is mostly empty space
-alpha particles came close to small and positively charged particles (deflected at small angles)
- hit very small, very dense, positively charged nucleus (deflected at large angles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Eugene Goldstein

A

discovered the proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

James Chadwick

A

discovered the neutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

relative mass of electron

A

1/1840

54
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in an element

55
Q

Average atomic mass

A

weighted average of all an elements’ isotopes

56
Q

Mass number

A

number of protons and neutrons

57
Q

number of neutrons (formula)

A

mass #- atomic #

58
Q

Isotopes

A

same # of protons, different # of neutrons

59
Q

AMU

A

Atomic mass units- 1/12 mass of a carbon-12 atom

60
Q

Formula for average atomic mass

A

Atomic mass(sub1) x (%/100) + atomic mass (sub2) x (%/100)…..

61
Q

Mass spectrometer/spectrometry

A

of spots hit=# of isotopes
-heavier isotopes hit lower, vice versa

62
Q

charge

A

charge=protons - electrons

63
Q

Cations

A

positive charge, typically metals

64
Q

Anions

A

negative charge, typically nonmetals

65
Q

Quantum Mechanical Model

A

We cannot pinpoint where an electron is, but we can give the probability of where it is

66
Q

electron configurations

A

show how electrons are distributed within an atom

67
Q

How many energy levels are there?

A

7 (periods)

68
Q

s

A

spherical

69
Q

p

A

dumbell

70
Q

d

A

clover

71
Q

f

A

double clover

72
Q

Aufbau Principle

A

electrons enter sublevels lowest to highest energy

73
Q

Pauli Principle

A

Atomic orbitals can hold only 2 electrons at most, and they must have opposite spins

74
Q

Hund’s Rule

A

In a sublevel with more than one orbital, put one electron in each orbital before putting 2e- in any one orbital

75
Q

Quantum numbers

A

used to describe the distribution of electrons in atoms

76
Q

n

A

-principle quantum number
-the average distance of electrons to the nucleus

77
Q

l

A

-angular momentum quantum number
-shape of the orbital
-n-1=l
-ex. when n=1, l=1-1=0
-e. when n=3, l=3-1=1 and 0 (s & p sublevels)

78
Q

m(sub l)

A

-magnetic quantum number
-orientation of the orbital in 3D space
- -l<m(sub-l)<l

79
Q

m(sub s)

A

electron spin quantum number
-+1/2 or -1/2
-up or down spin

80
Q

To count valence e- ______

A

look at the highest numbered energy level, the add e- together

81
Q

How to write NG

A

pick closest noble gas before element, write config for element after NG in brackets
-ex. K= K: [Ar] 4s^1 Ar=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

82
Q

Isoelectronic

A

if two elements have the same # of e-, they are isoelectronic

83
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?

A

inversely proportional

84
Q

What is the relationship between energy and frequency?

A

directly proportional
-the higher the frequency, the more energy

85
Q

What is the equation is for finding the energy of a photon (particle)?

A

E = hf = hc/λ. Here h = 6.626*10-34

86
Q

What is the equation for finding the energy for an energy level?

A

E(n) = −1/n2 × 13.6eV

87
Q

what 3 well-known phenomena prove light’s ray-like properties?

A

-reflection
-refraction
-scattering

88
Q

Wave

A

a vibrating disturbance by which energy is transmitted

89
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance between identical points on a wave

90
Q

Frequency

A

the number of waves that pass through a point in one second

91
Q

Amplitude

A

the height of the wave from the mid-line of the wave to the crest or trough

92
Q

Node

A

point of zero amplitude

93
Q

Speed of Waves

A

c=λv
c= speed of light
λ= wavelength
v= frequency

94
Q

Light as a Ray

A

James Maxwell

95
Q

Max Planck

A

-light as a particle
-discovered that atoms and molecules emit energy in discrete quantities called quanta
-E=hv
-v=frequency
-h=Planck’s constant

96
Q

E=hv

A

energy and frequency are directly related/directly proportional

97
Q

c=λv

A

wavelength and frequency are indirectly related/inversely proportional

98
Q

Einstein

A

-studied photoelectric effect
-light contains “tiny lumps” of light particles called photons

99
Q

dual nature of light

A

“Light is a collection of particles (photons) moving through space as electromagnetic waves”

100
Q

______ came up with the solution to Rutherford’s paradox by using Rutherford’s and ______ work to design a model for the hydrogen atom

A
  1. Bohr
  2. Planck
101
Q

Bohr was right in that ______
but wrong _____

A

-there are energy levels which prevent the atom from collapsing upon itself
-in their behavior

102
Q

Energy from wavelength

A

hc/lambda

103
Q

wavelength of a frequency

A

lambda=v/f
v=wave velocity

104
Q

frequency

A

v/lambda

105
Q

Louis Victor de Broglie

A

suggested all matter could be described as having wave-like properties
-lambda=h/mv

106
Q

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

A

“It is impossible to know both the position and energy of an electron in an atom simultaneously- we can only know one with leaving the other”

107
Q

Schrödinger

A

-developed equations that took into account the particle and wave-like nature for an e-, the solutions to which are called wave functions
-Quantum numbers are used to solve
-wave mechanical model

108
Q

Atomic Radius

A

1/2 distance between the nuclei of two like atoms

109
Q

the radius of an atom is dependent upon what two factors

A
  1. nuclear charge
  2. Distance between electrons and nucleus
110
Q

Period trend for atomic size

A

decreases left to right

111
Q

Group trend for atomic size

A

decreases further down the table

112
Q

Ionization energy

A

the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom- to make cationic

113
Q

What two factors does IE depend on

A

-Distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus
-Effective nuclear charge (# of p+)

114
Q

Coulomb’s law

A

describes the force of attraction
-FoA=(charge)(charge) all over r squared

115
Q

fluorine is the ____ attractive element

A

most

116
Q

Francium is the ______ attractive element

A

least

117
Q

group trend for IE

A

IE decreases down a group due to the increasing distance of the valence electrons from the nucleus

118
Q

period trend for IE

A

IE increases as you move across a period due to an increased effective nuclear charge

119
Q

cations are always ______ than their natural selves

A

smaller
-neutral is the largest form for cations

120
Q

anions are always ______ than their natural selves

A

larger

121
Q

Electronegativity

A

the tendency or ability for an element to attract electrons when chemically combined with another element

122
Q

group trend for EN

A

decreases moving down

123
Q

period trend for EN

A

increase across the table

124
Q

IE and EN are _________ __________ to the radius

A

inversely proportional

125
Q

What are the two types of bonding

A

ionic and covalent

126
Q

ionic

A

the transfer of electrons
-one element loses and the other gains e-

127
Q

covalent

A

involves a sharing of e- atoms will share in order to reach a stable electron configuration

128
Q

Octet rule

A

8 e- is great

129
Q

Atoms will lose or gain electrons in order to become _______ with a noble gas

A

isoelectronic

130
Q

Ionic compounds are also known as _____ generally and certain compounds are called _______

A
  1. salts
  2. crystals
131
Q

Properties of Ionic Compounds

A

-Very strong
-Always solids at room temp
-Very high melting and boiling points
-metal and nonmetal
-Don’t normally conduct electricity

Honors Chemistry (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions