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FILMMAKING > filmmaking exam > Flashcards

filmmaking exam Flashcards

1
Q

How do you read and “peg” a white surface?

A

First indicate read highlight. Cover highlight. Read supplement light and reflective light

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2
Q

What are the four exposure variables?

A

F stop; shutter speed; ISO; the amount of light

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3
Q

What does ASA stand for?

A

American Standards Association

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4
Q

What does DIN stand for?

A

German Institute for Standardization

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5
Q

Why do B&W film stocks have two ASA values?

A

One is for tungsten and one is for daylight. B&W film is more sensitive to blue light

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6
Q

How do you take an incident light reading?

A

Place the meter’s white orb in front of the subject facing the camera. Being careful not to cast a shadow on the meter, press the measure button and note the F-stop

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7
Q

How do you take a reflected reading?

A

Take off the white orb and face the meter toward your subject to measure the light coming off of it. The f-stop setting will make whatever you point at medium gray.

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8
Q

Why does 18% equal medium grey?

A

medium grey is halfway between black and white on a lightness scale and is 18% reflectance in visible light.

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9
Q

What is EI?

A

Exposure Index (a numerical system for measuring film sensitivity)

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10
Q

What does ISO stand for?

A

International Organization for Standardization

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11
Q

how do you read and “peg” different skin tones?

A
  • light skin: Open up one f stop
  • dark skin: Close down one f stop
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12
Q

What is the EV scale?

A

Exposure Value scale = scale of luminance read as whole numbers. One stop difference between each number.

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13
Q

How do you use EV for reading ratios?

A
  • Set your light meter to read EV
  • First read your key and fill together. Then read the fill alone. The difference is your ratio.
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14
Q

What is an F number and how do you calculate it?

A

The widest aperture of a lens.
A numerical representation of the relative aperture of a lens.
f/number = focal length / aperture diameter

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15
Q

What is an F stop and what is the F-stop series?

A

A numerical representation of the relative aperture of a lens.
Helps create depth of field. Shallow to sharp.
f(n)=f(n-1)*1.4
1 - 1.4 - 2.0 - 2.8 - 4.0 - 5.6 - 8 - 11 - 16 - 22 - 32

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16
Q

What is a T/stop?

A

The actual light that is transmitted through the lens and hits the emulsion or the sensor. (Some light is lost when it
passes through the lens. The T-stop measures the exact light that actually makes it through the lens)

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17
Q

What does it mean to push film?

A

Pushing: Increasing gamma to increase sensitivity. Exposing the film longer, ie. force processing. Lab can push film
by up to 3 f-stops. This process adds grain and increases contrast.

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18
Q

What does it mean to pull film?

A

Pulling: Decreasing gamma to decrease film sensitivity. Underexposing film during developing. Becomes less grainy
and less contrasty.

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19
Q

What is intermittent motion?

A

In projection and filming, a claw pulls and holds each film frame into place to either be projected or exposed. The
claw pulls each frame, typically, 24 frames per second. This stop/start motion is called intermittent motion.

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20
Q

What are 4 major causes of camera jams?

A
  • Take up spool is not working or is running intermittently
  • bent daylight spool
  • cold, wet films
  • Not enough slack on the take up spool
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21
Q

What are 2 major causes of misregistered film?

A

Pressure plate not in place
Loops not formed correctly

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22
Q

What is the Bolex’s shutter speed at (with nominal shutter angle of 108˚) 24 fps?

A

24 fps: 1/80 second
2 fps: 1/7
12 fps: 1/40
16 fps: 1/53
48 fps: 1/160
64 fps: 1/213

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23
Q

How do you calculate shutter speed?

A

1/FPS x shutter angle/360

Nominal Shutter angle for Bolex: 108˚; actual shutter angle for bolex 133˚

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24
Q

How do you adjust the Bolex diopter?

A

Control diopter with no image. Look through viewfinder into sky or a bright surface with no lens. Then adjust until the
grains (ground glass structure) are in focus.

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25
Q

How do you focus a prime lens?

A
  1. adjust diopter focus to your eye
  2. open up the aperture to the widest and focus by eye
  3. Check focus by measurement
  4. Return f stop to desired setting
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26
Q

How do you focus a zoom lens?

A

a) Adjust diopter to your eye
b) Zoom all the way in and focus by eye
c) Pull back

27
Q

How do you define focal length?

A

The distance from the optical center of the lens to the film plane or sensor

28
Q

What are some effects of a wide lens?

A

Bends light and distorts objects. Motion is slower on the X, Y axis. Motion is faster on the Z axis. Objects seem further away that what they really are on the Z axis. Deeper depth of field.

29
Q

What is the effect of a normal lens?

A

The viewing angle is what the eye would see naturally.

30
Q

What are some effects of a long/telephoto lens?

A

Light comes in straight. Motion is faster on the X, Y axis. Motion is slower on the Z axis. Objects seem closer than reality, ie. Z axis is compressed. Shallower depth of field. Magnification of lens shake.

31
Q

What are the 4 primary variables of depth of field?

A
  • f stop(aperture)
  • Power of the lens, Focal Length
  • Focusing distance
  • CoC(circle of confusion)
32
Q

What are 4 (of 9) ways to control depth of field?

A

1) Focal length
2) Focusing distance
3) Aperture
4) Amount of Light
5) Circle of Confusion
6) ISO
7) Shutter speed
8) Sensor/format size
9) Filters

33
Q

How do you define hyperfocal distance?

A

Closest distance setting where the farthest end of the DOF is at infinity. The closest end of the DOF is half the distance setting.

34
Q

How can light act as an indicator?

A
  • Time
  • Weather
  • Off-screen presence
35
Q

How can light act as a modifier?

A
  • Emphasis & de-emphasis
  • Visibility & clarity
  • Flatness VS depth and dimension
  • Foreground VS background
  • Modeling
36
Q

How can light act as a symbol?

A
  • Halo
  • Traffic light
  • Memorial “light sculpture” for the World Trade Center
  • Metaphor
  • Synecdoche (relatedness)
37
Q

How can light act as an icon?

A
  • A visible source
  • Ray of light or a shadow as a meaningful image
  • (who) modeling (modifying) the subject
  • (what) indicating mood, temperature & weather, style or “the look”, the nature of the event, the implied
    source
  • (when) indicating time (hour), season, period
  • (where) modifying space (through modeling), indicating interior/exterior, indicating geographic location,
    indicating off-screen space
38
Q

What are 10 (of 14) physical variables of photographic light?

A

1) Exposure
2) Intensity
3) Angle
4) Direction
5) Coherence
6) highlight/shadow ratio
7) foreground/background ratio
8) Spread (spot/flood)
9) Throw (close/distant)
10) Number of sources
11) pattern/shape
12) Color (temperature)
13) practicals
14) What light hits

39
Q

What are 4 (of 9) ways to control the intensity of light?

A

1) Choice of instrument
2) Choice of lamp & wattage
3) Distance(the throw)
4) spot/flood control
5) Bounce to reduce light
6) Scrim
7) Filter (ND etc.)
8) Dimmer
9) “Liquid dimmer”

40
Q

What is the Inverse Square Law for light intensity?

A

-Intensity = 1/D²
-light intensity is doubled or halved at a new distance according to the subject’s previous distance divided or multiplied by the square root of 2

-It states that any point source which spreads its influence equally in all directions will see the strength of that influence reduced in a manner inversely proportional to the square of the difference in distance
- when you double the distance from the source, you quarter the strength (1/2²) of that point source’s influence, when you triple the distance you get 1/9th (1/3²) the power, quadruple the distance you get 1/16th
(1/4²) the power

41
Q

What are four ways of separating figure from background?

A
  • Chiaroscuro (use of light against dark, can be done by light, clothes and props)
  • Select focus (shallow depth of the field)
  • Movement
  • Backlight (separate medium tone from medium tone, dark tone from dark tone)
42
Q

Draw a fresnel lens and explain its qualities

A

Blendable edge, fall-off in brightness, coherent shadow, spot to flood, daylight or tungsten

43
Q

Draw an omni light and explain its qualities

A

Double shadow, edged-circle, spot-to-flood

44
Q

How do you calculate amps from volts & watts?

A

Amps = watts/volts
watts = volts x amps

(typical voltage in the US is 120 volts)

45
Q

What gauge of wire would you need for 2000 watts of light?

A

14 gauge

46
Q

What is a key light?

A

The apparent light source, main light on the subject

47
Q

What is the fill light?

A

Controls the shadow intensity

48
Q

What is a kicker or backlight?

A

Light that separates the subject from the background, typically creates a rim of light behind their head

49
Q

What is a Cucoloris(cookie)

A

object with structure placed in front of light creates shadow with certain shape

50
Q

Draw an omni mic pattern

A

records all directions

51
Q

Draw a cardioid mic pickup pattern

A

(heart shaped), like ME64

52
Q

Draw a super cardioid mic pickup pattern

A

ME65

53
Q

Draw a lobar/short shotgun mic pickup pattern

A

ME66 and MKE 60

54
Q

Draw an X/Y mic pickup pattern

A

(45º/45º) stereo, like consumer camcorders

55
Q

What Kelvin temp is tungsten light?

A

3200K

56
Q

What Kelvin temp is daylight?

A

5600K

57
Q

What is a Rembrandt patch?

A
  • lighting technique
  • can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights
  • popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a
    minimum of equipment.
  • characterized by an illuminated triangle under the eye of the subject on the less illuminated side of the face.
  • it is named for the Dutch painter Rembrandt, who often used this type of lighting.
58
Q

How many bits is Raw?

A

12 bits

59
Q

What is the Bayer pattern?

A

form of storing data, 2 green, 1 red, 1 blue pixels

60
Q

What are some ways to create hard light?

A

direct sunlight, compact filaments or arc (quarts light), lensless options, focused bean with lens, greater distance increases hardness

61
Q

What are some ways to create soft light?

A

overcast day, skylight fog, butterfly, paper lantern, frosted globe, lamp shield, soft light instruments, bounce light, reflectors, umbrella, frost gel, tough spun, silks, etc.

62
Q

What does ADSR stand for?

A

attack, decay, sustain, release

63
Q

100 feet of 16mm film is how much screen time?

A

2min 47 sec

64
Q
A

FILMMAKING (1 decks)

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