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rte 1418 physics screen film radiography > film screen radiography > Flashcards

film screen radiography Flashcards

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1
Q

The ____ beam refers to the x-rays that remain as the useful beam exits the pt. It consists of x-rays scattered away from the IR and image-forming x-rays.

A

exit

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2
Q

The medium that converts the x-ray beam into a visible image is called the _____ ________.

A

image receptor

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3
Q

The two basic components of radiographic film are the ________ and the __________.

A

base and emulsion

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4
Q

Modern radiographic film base is made of __________.

A

polyester

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5
Q

How thick is radiographic film base?

A

150-300 um

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6
Q

The important characteristics of radiographic film base are lucency and

A

dimensional stability

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7
Q

The main purpose of the gelatin emulsion in radiographic film is to

A

hold the silver halide crystals

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8
Q

Crystals in film emulsion consist of __________ and ___________.

A

Silver bromide and silver iodide

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9
Q

The overcoat on radiographic film is a protective covering of ____________.

A

Gelatin

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10
Q

Latent image formation occurs during film _________.

A

exposure

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11
Q

A contaminant in the silver halide crystal creates the

A

Sensitivity speck

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12
Q

Direct exposure film has a _______ emulsion and _______ silver halide crystals than screen-film.

A

Thicker ,more

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13
Q

The latent image can be seen

A

only after development

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14
Q

Photon interactions free the electrons from __________ atoms in the silver halide crystal.

A

Both A and B . Bromide and iodide

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15
Q

The latent image is made up of _________ atoms.

A

Silver

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16
Q

Photon interactions in the emulsion occur with exposure to ________.

A

Both A and B. X-rays and light?

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17
Q

The most commonly used radiographic film is __________.

A

Screen film

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18
Q

The size, shape, and distribution of silver halide crystals determine _________ of screen-film.

A

Speed, contrast , and sensitivity

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19
Q

The contrast of film is inversely proportional to its ______.

A

Latitude

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20
Q

High contrast film contains _______ silver halide crystals of ______ size.

A

Smaller and uniform

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21
Q

Film is made with double emulsion to enhance film __________.

A

Speed

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22
Q

Spectral matching is not a consideration when using

A

Direct exposure film

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23
Q

Orthochromatic film is used with rare earth screens because of its sensitivity to ________ light.

A

Green

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24
Q

What is a reasonable maximum storage time for radiographic film?

A

45 days

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25
Q

Film fog on unprocessed film will occur with radiation exposure as low as _______.

A

0.2 mr

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26
Q

Storing film in very low humidity conditions can cause

A

Static artifacts

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27
Q

Film should be stored at a temperature of _____ or below and with humidity no higher than

A

68 F , 40%

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28
Q

The layer of screen that lies closest to the film is the _______________.

A

Protective coating

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29
Q

The light-emitting efficiency of the intensifying screen is improved by the

A

Reflective layer

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30
Q

Screen characteristics are determined by

A

All of the above. Size of phosphor crystals, thickness of phosphor layer, & phosphor composition

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31
Q

A phosphorescent material emits light

A

For a period of time after stimulation

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32
Q

An intensifying screen is an example of _______________.

A

Luminescence and fluorescence

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33
Q

Luminescent material emits light after its outer shell electrons are

A

Excited

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34
Q

A screen that emits light after an exposure terminates is exhibiting

A

screen lag

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35
Q

The intensification factor is a measurement of screen _________.

A

Speed

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36
Q

The intensification factor is the exposure required ___________ divided by the exposure required ___________.

A

Without screens , with screens

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37
Q

The intensification factor increases with increased ____________.

A

Kvp???

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38
Q

The ability of an intensifying screen to absorb x-rays is called

A

Detective quantum efficiency

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39
Q

Image noise is increased with increased

A

Conversion efficiency

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40
Q

What is the formula for conversion efficiency?

A

CE= (emitted light/ # of X-rays absorbed) x 100

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41
Q

Both the isotropic emission of light from screen phosphor crystals and the added reflective layer contribute to

A

Image blur

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42
Q

Spatial resolution is improved when a screen has

A

Added absorbing dye

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43
Q

Image blur is generally increased by any factor that increases the

A

Intensification factor

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44
Q

A fine detail screen can resolve ___ lp/mm.

A

15

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45
Q

About ___% of the latent image on the film is created by light from the screens.

A

99%

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46
Q

The use of screens greatly increases

A

Tube life

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47
Q

The back cover of the cassette is usually made of ______ material to reduce backscatter.

A

High z

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48
Q

A disadvantage of the speed of rare earth screens is the increase in

A

Quantum mottle

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49
Q

Intensifying screens wear out because of

A

Improper handling

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50
Q

If a film is used without spectral matching, the result would be a reduction in

A

Optical density

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51
Q

In a busy department, screens should be cleaned ______.

A

Monthly

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52
Q

An annual wire mesh test is needed to check for

A

Worn felt contacts

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53
Q

Film that has emulsion coated on both sides is called what?

A

double-emulsion film

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54
Q

Between the emulsion and the base is a thin coating of material called the ________ _____, which ensures uniform adhesion of the emulsion to the base.

A

adhesive layer

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55
Q

The ________ layer allows the emulsion and the base to maintain proper contact and integrity during use and processing.

A

adhesive

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56
Q

The emulsion is enclosed by a protective covering of gelatin called the ________.

A

overcoat

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57
Q

What is the most commonly used radiographic film type?

A

screen-film

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58
Q

After an interaction of the x-ray is either totally absorbed or partially absorbed. If it is totally absorbed it is called?

A

photoelctron

59
Q

After an interaction of the x-ray is either totally absorbed or partially absorbed. If it is partially absorbed it is called?

A

compton

60
Q

The phosphor converts the xray beam into…?

A

Light

61
Q

During WWI when glass became largely unavailable, what became its substitute as film base? What is this substitute’s deficiency?

A

Cellulose nitrate ; it’s flammable

62
Q

By the mid-1920s, a new “safety base” for film was introduced. What material was it made of?

A

cellulose triacetate

63
Q

The emulsion consists of a homogeneous mixture of _______ and ______ ______ ________.

A

Gelatin and silver halide crystals

64
Q

The emulsion layer of film is _ to _ µm thick.

A

3 to 5

65
Q

_______ grains are used in most radiographic films.

A

Tabular

66
Q

High ratio grid has higher/lower contrast improvement factor ?

A

Higher

67
Q

The higher the grid ratio the higher/lower is the Bucky factor

A

Higher

68
Q

Bucky factor increases with increasing/decreasing Kvp

A

Increasing

69
Q

What is the purpose of a moving grid

A

To remove grid lines

70
Q

What are the different types of grid motions used ?

A

Reciprocating and oscillating grid

71
Q

How will the image appear if the grid is off level?

A

Grid cutoff across image, underexposed, light image (loss of density ). Same as of center

72
Q

How will the image appear if the grid is off center ?

A

Grid cutoff across image, underexposed, light image (loss of density ) same as off level

73
Q

How will the image appear if the grid is of focus?

A

Grid cutoff on one side of the image

74
Q

How will the image appear if the grid is placed upside down?

A

Grid cutoff toward the edge of the image

75
Q

You can improve the image contrast on a heavy patient without increasing the patient dose by

A

Tight collimation

76
Q

Beam restriction with an ……. Is only accurate at a fixed SID.

A

Aperture diaphragm

77
Q

Higher kvp …….patient dose…..and image contrast.

A

decreases, decreases

78
Q

The most commonly used beam restricting device is the…..?

A

variable collimator

79
Q

The use of a compression device will increase …….on the image.

A

Contrast

80
Q

Photoelectric interactions increase when ……is decreased.

A

kvp

81
Q

What are the three best ways to improve contrast resolution?

A

?

82
Q

The three primary factors influencing the intensity of the scatter in the image forming bean are :

A

Kvp,field size, and patient thickness

83
Q

Quantum mottle is controlled by

A

mAs

84
Q

In long scale contrast density is

A

Increased

85
Q

In short scale contrast density is

A

Decreased

86
Q

Voltage ripple:

A

High frequency < 1 %
Half wave 100%
Full wave 100%
3 phase 6 pulse 13% 12 pulse 4%

87
Q

Name the 4 types of body habitus

A

Hypersthenic (5%)
Sthenic(50%)
Hyposthenic (35%)
Asthenic(10%)

88
Q

The main disdvantage of parallel crossed _________

A

Grid cutoff

89
Q

Focal spot blur can be reduced by using a ______ focal spot, large SID, small OID.

A

Small

90
Q

The 3 prime geometric factors affecting image quality ________

A

magnification,distortion, forcal spot blur

91
Q

In general radiography, the useful optical densities lie between _____and ______

A

0.25-2.25

92
Q

An IR with ______ can be used over greater image range of exposure

A

Wide latitude

93
Q

Spatial resolution improves with decreased ___________________________

A

screen, motion, geometric blur

94
Q

WIth automatic exposure control (AEC) the exposure is terminated when the optimum _____is reached.

A

OD

95
Q

Sharpness of detail can be improved by increasing ______

A

SID

96
Q

At least a ______ change in mAs is necessary to produce a visible change in OD.

A

30%

97
Q

Using high frequency and or high ratio grid results in ____________patient radiation dose.

A

increase

98
Q

The use of ________ imprves contrast and reduces patient does.

A

collimation

99
Q

The main diadvantage of parallel crossed _________

A

Grid cutoff

100
Q

Define contrast resolution

A

The ability to distinguish anatomic structures of similar subject contrast such as liver and spleen

101
Q

The main components of film are:

A

base, adhesive, emulsion, supercoat

102
Q

This is applied on the base layer before emulsion.

A

adhesive

103
Q

Diagnostic radiographic film with emulsion on both sides is termed:

A

Duplitized,Double Emulsion, or Double Coated. Answer is all of the above

104
Q

What is the correct order of the processing process:

A

Developer, Fixer, Washer, Dryer

105
Q

High ratio grid improves

A

radiographic contrast

106
Q

The higher the grid ratio

A

The higher the contrast improvement factor

107
Q

Bucky factor increases with …… kvp

A

Increasing

108
Q

The use of a compression device will increase

A

Contrast

109
Q

Purpose of grid

A

To improve image contrast

110
Q

Optical density is directly controled by the changing

A

mAs

111
Q

The use of …….improves contrast and reduces patient dose

A

Collimation

112
Q

Purpose of moving grid

A

to remove grid lines

113
Q

High grid ratio increases……. and…………, and decreases………….

A

patient dose,grid cutoff, and positioning latitude

114
Q

Destructive

A

radiolucent

115
Q

Constructive

A

Radiopaque

116
Q

Intensifying screen increases…………, decreases……….and………..

A

density, patient dose, and detail

117
Q

How can you reduce motion blur?

A

short exposure time

118
Q

The image after processing is known as

A

manifest image

119
Q

What does grid cutoff mean?

A

The primary x rays are absorbed

120
Q

Radiograpgic grid with ines running in two directions

A

Crossed

121
Q

Whwn mA is increased what must be done to exposure time in order to maintain the same exposure?

A

decrease time

122
Q

What is the purpose of the fixer in an automatic processor?

A

remove the unexposed silver halide crystals

123
Q

When is xray film most sensitive to safelight illumination?

A

after exposure

124
Q

Poor film-screen contact will cause which of the following effects?

A

Unsharpness

125
Q

Which of the following could be the cause of poor film-screen contact?

A

warped cassette, worn backing in the cassette, and damaged latch on the cassette

126
Q

Which grid removes more scatter radiation?

A

Crossed

127
Q

Which of the following influences geometric unsharpness?

A

OID

Focal-Object Distance

SID

128
Q

Distortion can be caused by

A

Tubes Angle

The Position of The organ or Structure Within The Body.

The Radio graphic Positioning of The Part.

129
Q

The major function of filtration is to reduce

A

patient dose

130
Q

Which of the following will influence recorded detail?

A

1) Screen Speed
2) Screen/Film Contract
3) Focal Spot

131
Q

What will result from using single-emulsion film in an image receptor having a two intensifying screens?

A

Decreased Density

132
Q

Boxes of film stored in too warm an area may be subject to

A

film fog

133
Q

X-ray film emulsion is most sensitive to safelight fog

.

A

After Exposure.

134
Q

The absorption of useful radiation by a grid is called

A

grid cutoff

135
Q

The unwanted exposure of film by environment is called:

A

chemical fog

136
Q

Primary cause for contamination is:

A

Other chemicals have mixed with the developer

137
Q

The part of processing that is most affected by contamination is:

A

developer

138
Q

This artifact is caused by static electricity and happens in low humidity:

A

trees

139
Q

This occurs when screen phosphors continue to emit light after the x-ray exposure has stopped:

A

phosphorescence

140
Q

………..% change in mAs is required for a perceptible change in OD.

A

30%

141
Q

…………% change in kVp is required for a perceptible change in OD.

A

4%

142
Q

…………..% increase in kVp will double the OD (15% rule)

A

15%

143
Q

What is the formula for OD?

A

OD=log 10 Io/It

144
Q

The base + fog of a film is shown below the _______ of characteristic curve

A

toe portion

rte 1418 physics screen film radiography (1 decks)

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