file 9

Question 1

psycholinguistics

Answer 1

the study of how the human mind processes language in the perception, production, storage, and acquisition of language

Question 2

neurolinguistics

Answer 2

the study of the neural and electrochemical bases of language development and use

Question 3

temporal lobe

Answer 3

area in the brain associated with the perception and recognition of auditory stimuli

Question 4

frontal lobe

Answer 4

area of the brain concerned with higher thinking and language production

Question 5

occipital lobe

Answer 5

area of the brain associated with many aspects of vision

Question 6

parietal lobe

Answer 6

area of the brain that is least involved with language perception and production

Question 7

corpus collosum

Answer 7

bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that is the major connection between the two hemispheres; partially severed in split-brain patients

Question 8

cortex

Answer 8

outer surface of the brain responsible for many of the brain’s cognitive abilities

Question 9

language centers

Answer 9

parts of the cortex of the brain that are used in the production and comprehension of language

Question 10

sylvian fissure

Answer 10

a large horizontal fold located at the middle of each hemisphere of the brain that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

Question 11

superior temporal gyrus

Answer 11

upper portion of the temporal lobe; the left STG is involved in sound processing and mapping physical sounds to linguistic phones

Question 12

wernicke’s area

Answer 12

older term for the sylvian parietotemporal area and posterior parts of the STG

Question 13

inferior frontal gyrus

Answer 13

lower portion of the frontal lobe; the left IFG organizes articulatory representations of language and coordinates motor commands for speech

Question 14

motor cortex

Answer 14

posterior portion of the frontal lobe; responsible for signaling voluntary muscle movements

Question 15

visual cortex

Answer 15

area of the brain located in the posterior occipital lobe in each hemisphere; responsible for receiving and interpreting visual stimuli

Question 16

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 16

a bundle of nerve fibers in the brain connecting the SPT with the IFG; primarily responsible for sharing the phonetic and phonological information between these centers

Question 17

dorsal pathway

Answer 17

connects the SPT with the IFG via the arcuate fasciculus; primarily used to pass phonetic and phonological detail

Question 18

ventral pathway

Answer 18

connects the SPT with the ITG via the extreme capsule; primarily used to pass semantic information

Question 19

extreme capsule

Answer 19

bundle of nerve fibers in the brain connecting the SPT with the ITG

Question 20

lateralization

Answer 20

specialization of the brain hemispheres for different cognitive functions

Question 21

neural plasticity

Answer 21

the ability of the brain to adapt to damage in one region by reassigning processing functions to another region

Question 22

contralateral

Answer 22

property of the brain such that one side of the body is controlled by the opposite hemisphere of the brain

Question 23

dichotic listening task

Answer 23

experiment that presents two different sounds simultaneously one in each ear

Question 24

split-brain patients

Answer 24

individual who’s corpus callosum has been surgically disconnected

Question 25

hemispherectomy

Answer 25

an operation in which one hemisphere or part of one hemisphere is surgically removed from the brain

Question 26

aphasias

Answer 26

acquired inability to perceive, process, or produce language because of physical damage to the brain

Question 27

circumlocutions

Answer 27

description of a word's meaning used when a speaker is unable to name the intended word

Question 28

linguistic facial expressions

Answer 28

any gesture such as facial expressions or head movements made during a sign that are not made with the hands

Question 29

Williams syndrome

Answer 29

a disorder due to deletion of genes on chromosome 7 that substantially impairs cognitive function, but has been argued to leave language processing relatively intact

Question 30

speech production

Answer 30

the processes involved in producing speech in sign

Question 31

anticipations

Answer 31

production error in which a later unit is substituted for a earlier unit, or in which a later unit is added earlier in an utterance

Question 32

perseverations

Answer 32

production error in which an earlier unit is substituted for a later unit, or in which an earlier unit is added later in an utterance

Question 33

malaproprism

Answer 33

performance error by which a speaker uses a semantically incorrect word in place of a phonetically similar word

Question 34

lack of invariance

Answer 34

problem in speech perception because no sound is ever produced exactly the same way twice

Question 35

speaker normalization

Answer 35

the modification of our expectations or judgement about linguistic input to account for what we know about the speaker

Question 36

categorical perception

Answer 36

phenomenon by which people perceive entities differently after learning to categorize them

Question 37

McGurk effect

Answer 37

effect illustrating that we rely not only on an acoustic signal in the perception of speech, but also on visual information

Question 38

full listing hypothesis

Answer 38

hypothesis that every word is stored as a separate entry in the mental lexicon

Question 39

spreading activation

Answer 39

activation that flows from words just accessed to other related words raising the resting activation those related words

Question 40

cohort model

Answer 40

model of lexical access in which possible words in the mental lexicon are identified based on the initial sounds of the word