file 6 Semantics

Question 1

Semantics

Answer 1

The study of linguistic meaning.

Question 2

Lexical semantics

Answer 2

Deals with the meanings of words and other lexical expressions, including the meaning relationships among them.

Question 3

Compositional semantics

Answer 3

Concerned with phrasal meanings and how phrasal meanings are assembled.

Question 4

First aspect of linguistic meaning: SENSE

Answer 4

Sense of an expression is a king of mental representation of its meaning, or perhaps some kine of concept. Have a mental representation of somethings meaning.

Question 5

Second aspect of linguistic meaning: REFERENCE

Answer 5

By knowing the sense of some expression, you also know its relationship to the world (reference).

Question 6

Mental image

Answer 6

A conception of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning.

Question 7

Hyponymy

Answer 7

A meaning relationship between words, where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is then said to be a hyponym of Y, and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of X.

Question 8

Synonymy

Answer 8

A meaning relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same. For example, couch and sofa are synonyms.

Question 9

Antonymy

Answer 9

A meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite.

Question 10

Sister Terms

Answer 10

Words that, in terms of their reference are at the same level in the hierarchy. i.e. have exactly the same hypernyms.

Question 11

Converses

Answer 11

Antonyms in which the first word of the pair suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word.

Question 12

Proposition

Answer 12

The sense expressed by a sentence. characteristically, propositions can be true or false, i.e. have truth value.

Question 13

Reverses

Answer 13

Antonyms in which one word in the pair suggests movement that “undoes” the movement suggested by the other.

Question 14

Truth table

Answer 14

The ability to be true or false.

Question 15

Truth conditions

Answer 15

The set of conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for the proposition expressed by some sentence to be true.

Question 16

Entailment

Answer 16

A relationship between propositions where a propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just in case if p is true, q has to be true as well.

Question 17

Mutual entailment

Answer 17

The relationship between two propositions where they entail one another.

Question 18

Incompatibility

Answer 18

the relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously.

Question 19

Principle of compositionality

Answer 19

The notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically.

Question 20

Pure intersection

Answer 20

The relationship between the reference of an adjective and noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both the reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun.

Question 21

Intersective adjective

Answer 21

An adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies.

Question 22

Subsective adjective

Answer 22

Adjectives whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun they modify refers to.

Question 23

Anti-intersection adjective

Answer 23

An adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies.

Question 24

Non-intersection Adjective

Answer 24

An adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things.

Question 25

Gradable Antonyms

Answer 25

Words that are antonyms and enote opposite ends of a scale.

Question 26

Prototype

Answer 26

For any given set, a member that exhibits the typical qualities of the members of that set.

Question 27

Usage-based Definitions

Answer 27

A characterization of a word’s sense based on the way that the word is used by speakers of a language.

Question 28

Dictionary-style definitions

Answer 28

The nature of a word’s meaning is similar to what we might find in some idealized dictionary: a dictionary style definition that defines words in terms of other words, but also reflects the way that speakers of a language really use that word.

Question 29

Complementary antonyms(pairs)

Answer 29

pair of antonyms such that everything must be described by the first word, the second word, or neither; and such that saying of something that it is not a member of the set denoted by the first word implicates that it is in the set denoted by the second word.

Question 30

About

Answer 30

If we discounted REFERENCE, we would lose the connection between meanings of expression and what these meanings are about. We often use language to communicate information about the world to one another, so there should be some relationship between the meanings of expressions we use to communicate and things in the outside world about which we would like to communicate these meanings.