File 3-Phonology

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

the study of distribution of sounds in language and the interactions between those different sounds

Question 2

Phonotactic Constraints

Answer 2

restriction on possible combinations of sounds, often in particular environments

Question 3

Sound Substitution

Answer 3

process by which sounds that exist in a language a speaker knows are used to replace sounds that do not exist in that language when pronouncing words in a foreign language

Question 4

Allophone

Answer 4

one set of noncontrastive realizations of the same phoneme

Question 5

Phoneme

Answer 5

a class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound; a mental entity (or category) related to various allophones by phonological rules. Phonemes are written between slashes (/t/)

Question 6

Noncontrastive

Answer 6

a term used to describe two sounds that are not used to differentiate words in a language

Question 7

Contrastive

Answer 7

a term used to describe two sounds that can be used to differentiate words in a language

Question 8

Distribution

Answer 8

a case in which two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word

Question 9

Minimal Pair

Answer 9

a pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound and that have different meanings

Question 10

Alternation

Answer 10

a difference between two (or more) phonetic forms that you might otherwise expect to be related

Question 11

Contrastive Distribution

Answer 11

a case in which two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word

Question 12

Complementary Distribution

Answer 12

sounds that are considered to be allophones of the same phoneme

Question 13

Free variation

Answer 13

term used to refer to two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words

Question 14

Overlapping Distribution

Answer 14

the occurrence of sounds in the same phonetic environments

Question 15

Phonological Rules

Answer 15

the description of relationships between phonemes and their allophones and the conditioning environment in which the allophone appears

Question 16

Underlying Form

Answer 16

the phonemic form of a word or morpheme before phonological rules are applied

Question 17

Conditioning Environment

Answer 17

neighboring sounds of a given sounds that cause it to undergo a change

Question 18

[Rules of} Assimilation

Answer 18

cause a sound (or gesture) to become more like a neighboring sound (or gesture) with respect to some phonetic property

Question 19

Implicational law

Answer 19

presence of of the less common sound implies that the more common sound will also be used in the language

Question 20

Environment

Answer 20

the sounds/contexts that immediately precede and follow a sound

Question 21

Basic Allophone

Answer 21

the allophone of a phoneme that is used when non of the change-inducing conditions are fulfilled. Of a set of allophones, it is generally least limited in where it can occur; also termed the elsewhere allophone

Question 22

Restricted Allophone

Answer 22

the allophone of a phoneme that appears in a more limited set of phonemic environments

Question 23

Near-Minimal Pair

Answer 23

similar to minimal pairs, but whereas the words in a minimal pair are identical apart from the contrastive sounds, the words in a near-minimal pair are only almost identical, apart from the contrastive sounds

Question 24

Palatalizaton

Answer 24

refers to a special type of assimilation in which consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal

Question 25

Vowel Harmony

Answer 25

long-distance assimilation between vowels