File 2 - Module Two, Weeks 3 & 4, Phonics & Myths 3 - 4 Flashcards
affricates
made by briefly stopping the airstream completely and then releasing the articulators slightly so that frication noise is produced
alveolar
Sounds made with the tongue tip at or near the alveolar ridge, a small ridge that protrudes just behind your upper front teeth. [t] - tab [d] - dab [s] - sip [z] - zip [n] - noose [l] - loose [ɹ] - red
articulation
the motion or positioning of some part of the vocal tract (often, but not always, a muscular part such as the tongue or lips) with respect to some other surface of the vocal tract in the production of a speech sound.
articulatory description
for an auditory-vocal language, the description of th emotion or positioning of the parts of the vocal tract that are responsible for the production of a speech sound. /// for a visual-gestural language, the description of the motions or positioning of the hands, arms, and relevant facial expressions
articulatory gesture
a movement of a speech organ in the production of speech, for example, the movement of the velum for the production of a nasal consonant
bilabial
consonants are made by bringing both lips closer together. There are 5 in English:
- [p] pat
- [b] bat
- [m] mat
- [w] with
- [w] where (w has dot on bottom)
co-articulation
something we can’t capture using standard transcriptions, which simply list each segment separately, ex. the /g/ in bad guy
coda
in a syllable, any consonant(s) that occur in the rhyme, after the nucleus
diphthongs
a complex vowel, composed of a sequence of two different configurations of the vocal organs
dynamic palatography
similar to static palatography, but more sophisticated in that it can record the sequences of contacts that the tongue makes with the hard palate in the course of the production of an utterance
egressive
blowing out
flap
similar to a stop in that in involves the complete obstruction of the oral cavity. The closure, however, is much faster than that of a stop: the articulators strike each other very quickly.
frication
turbulent hissing mouth noise
fricatives
made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract
glides
made with only a slight closure of the articulators, so that if the vocal tract were any more open, the result would be a vowel sound
glottal
Sounds produced at the larynx. The space between the vocal folds is the glottis.
[h] - high and history
[ʔ] - a sound that occurs before each of the vowel sounds in uh-oh – a glottal stop,
glottis
The opening between the vocal folds.
impressionistic phonetic transcription
the use of phonetic symbols to represent speech sounds
interdentals
Sounds made with the tip of the tongue protruding between the front teeth.
[θ] - thigh
[ð]- thy
interdentals
Sounds made with the tip of the tongue protruding between the front teeth.
[θ] - thigh
[ð] - thy
labiodental
Consonants are made with the lower lip against the upper front teeth.
[f] - fat
[v] - fat
larynx
Sometimes called the “voice box.” Contains the vocal folds and the glottis
manner of articulation
how the airstream is modified by the vocal tract to produce the sound (depends largely on the degree of closure of the articulators – how close together or far apart they are)
monophthongs
a simple vowel, composed of a single configuration of the vocal organs
monosyllabic
single sound
nasals
produced by lowering the velum and thus opening the nasal passage to the vocal tract. When the velum is raised against the back of the throat, no air can escape through the nasal passage. Sounds made with the velum raised are called oral sounds.
nucleus
the core element of a syllable, carrying stress, length, and pitch (tone). It usually consists of a vowel or a syllabic consonant.
onset
in a syllable, any consonant(s) that occurs before the rhyme
palatal
sounds made with the tongue near the center of the hard portion of the root of the mouth (the ‘hard palate’)
[j] - yes
palatography
experimental method that shows the contact between the tongue and roof of the mouth
place of articulation
where in the vocal tract a constriction is made – that is, where the vocal tract is made narrower
post-alveolar
Sounds made a bit further back [ʃ] - leash [ʒ] - measure [tʃ] - church [dʒ] - judge
pulmonic
lung
rhyme
in a syllable, the vowel and any consonants that follow it
running speech or continuous speech
the usual form of spoken language, with all the words and phrases run together, without pauses in between them
segmental features
the voicing, place and manner of articulation
segments
discrete units of the speech stream
sound spectograph
an instrument for analyzing sound into its frequency components
spectrogram
acoustic signal
static palatography
painting the tongue black with a (tasteless) mixture of olive oil and charcoal powder. When the speak produces a word like SEE, the tongue leaves a black trace on the alveolar ridge and the hard palate, where it touched to make closure.
stops
made by obstructing the airstream completely in the oral cavity
subglottal system
The part of the respiratory system located below the larynx.
suprasegmentals
can be said to “ride on top of” segments in that they often apply to entire strings of consonants and vowels – these are properties such as stress, tone and intonation. These properties are somewhat more difficult to represent using the alphabetic-like transcription system, and there are many different ways they can be transcribed.
syllabic consonants
there is not vowel in the second syllables … ex. prism, table, and hiker
trachea
(windpipe)
two types of vowels
diphthongs (two-part vowels) and monophthongs (ine part)
velar
consonants that are produced at the soft part of the roof of the mouth behind the hard palate – the velum. Sounds made with the tongue near the velum are said to be velar.
[k] - kill
[g] - gill
[ŋ] - sing
vocal folds (vocal cords)
Folds of muscle within the larynx
vocal tract
(Above the larynx). Composed of the oral and nasal cavities.
voiced
b, d, z, v, g, th
voiced sounds
sounds made with the vocal folds vibrating
voiceless
p, t, s, k, f, th
voiceless sounds
sounds made without vibration
voicing
The vibration of the vocal folds.
voicing bar
place on the spectrogram that can indicate whether vocal fold vibrations are present in a sound
sound waves
disturbances in the air set off by a movement of some sort, such as that produced by violin strings, rubber bands, tuning forks – or vocal folds
compression
where air molecules are more crowded together than usual
rarefaction
air molecules are spread farther apart than usual
periodic wave
a sound wave that repeats at regular intervals
