File 2 - Module Two, Weeks 3 & 4, Phonics & Myths 3 - 4

Question 1

affricates

Answer 1

made by briefly stopping the airstream completely and then releasing the articulators slightly so that frication noise is produced

Question 2

alveolar

Answer 2

Sounds made with the tongue tip at or near the alveolar ridge, a small ridge that protrudes just behind your upper front teeth.  
[t] - tab
[d] - dab
[s] - sip
[z] - zip
[n] - noose
[l] - loose
[ɹ] - red

Question 3

articulation

Answer 3

the motion or positioning of some part of the vocal tract (often, but not always, a muscular part such as the tongue or lips) with respect to some other surface of the vocal tract in the production of a speech sound.

Question 4

articulatory description

Answer 4

for an auditory-vocal language, the description of th emotion or positioning of the parts of the vocal tract that are responsible for the production of a speech sound. /// for a visual-gestural language, the description of the motions or positioning of the hands, arms, and relevant facial expressions

Question 5

articulatory gesture

Answer 5

a movement of a speech organ in the production of speech, for example, the movement of the velum for the production of a nasal consonant

Question 6

bilabial

Answer 6

consonants are made by bringing both lips closer together. There are 5 in English:

• [p] pat
• [b] bat
• [m] mat
• [w] with
• [w] where (w has dot on bottom)

Question 7

co-articulation

Answer 7

something we can’t capture using standard transcriptions, which simply list each segment separately, ex. the /g/ in bad guy

Question 8

coda

Answer 8

in a syllable, any consonant(s) that occur in the rhyme, after the nucleus

Question 9

diphthongs

Answer 9

a complex vowel, composed of a sequence of two different configurations of the vocal organs

Question 10

dynamic palatography

Answer 10

similar to static palatography, but more sophisticated in that it can record the sequences of contacts that the tongue makes with the hard palate in the course of the production of an utterance

Question 11

egressive

Answer 11

blowing out

Question 12

flap

Answer 12

similar to a stop in that in involves the complete obstruction of the oral cavity. The closure, however, is much faster than that of a stop: the articulators strike each other very quickly.

Question 13

frication

Answer 13

turbulent hissing mouth noise

Question 14

fricatives

Answer 14

made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract

Question 15

glides

Answer 15

made with only a slight closure of the articulators, so that if the vocal tract were any more open, the result would be a vowel sound

Question 16

glottal

Answer 16

Sounds produced at the larynx. The space between the vocal folds is the glottis.
[h] - high and history
[ʔ] - a sound that occurs before each of the vowel sounds in uh-oh – a glottal stop,

Question 17

glottis

Answer 17

The opening between the vocal folds.

Question 18

impressionistic phonetic transcription

Answer 18

the use of phonetic symbols to represent speech sounds

Question 19

interdentals

Answer 19

Sounds made with the tip of the tongue protruding between the front teeth.
[θ] - thigh
[ð]- thy

Question 20

interdentals

Answer 20

Sounds made with the tip of the tongue protruding between the front teeth.
[θ] - thigh
[ð] - thy

Question 21

labiodental

Answer 21

Consonants are made with the lower lip against the upper front teeth.
[f] - fat
[v] - fat

Question 22

larynx

Answer 22

Sometimes called the “voice box.” Contains the vocal folds and the glottis

Question 23

manner of articulation

Answer 23

how the airstream is modified by the vocal tract to produce the sound (depends largely on the degree of closure of the articulators – how close together or far apart they are)

Question 24

monophthongs

Answer 24

a simple vowel, composed of a single configuration of the vocal organs

Question 25

monosyllabic

Answer 25

single sound

Question 26

nasals

Answer 26

produced by lowering the velum and thus opening the nasal passage to the vocal tract. When the velum is raised against the back of the throat, no air can escape through the nasal passage. Sounds made with the velum raised are called oral sounds.

Question 27

nucleus

Answer 27

the core element of a syllable, carrying stress, length, and pitch (tone). It usually consists of a vowel or a syllabic consonant.

Question 28

onset

Answer 28

in a syllable, any consonant(s) that occurs before the rhyme

Question 29

palatal

Answer 29

sounds made with the tongue near the center of the hard portion of the root of the mouth (the ‘hard palate’)
[j] - yes

Question 30

palatography

Answer 30

experimental method that shows the contact between the tongue and roof of the mouth

Question 31

place of articulation

Answer 31

where in the vocal tract a constriction is made – that is, where the vocal tract is made narrower

Question 32

post-alveolar

Answer 32

Sounds made a bit further back
[ʃ] - leash
[ʒ] - measure
[tʃ] - church
[dʒ] - judge

Question 33

pulmonic

Answer 33

lung

Question 34

rhyme

Answer 34

in a syllable, the vowel and any consonants that follow it

Question 35

running speech or continuous speech

Answer 35

the usual form of spoken language, with all the words and phrases run together, without pauses in between them

Question 36

segmental features

Answer 36

the voicing, place and manner of articulation

Question 37

segments

Answer 37

discrete units of the speech stream

Question 38

sound spectograph

Answer 38

an instrument for analyzing sound into its frequency components

Question 39

spectrogram

Answer 39

acoustic signal

Question 40

static palatography

Answer 40

painting the tongue black with a (tasteless) mixture of olive oil and charcoal powder. When the speak produces a word like SEE, the tongue leaves a black trace on the alveolar ridge and the hard palate, where it touched to make closure.

Question 41

stops

Answer 41

made by obstructing the airstream completely in the oral cavity

Question 42

subglottal system

Answer 42

The part of the respiratory system located below the larynx.

Question 43

suprasegmentals

Answer 43

can be said to “ride on top of” segments in that they often apply to entire strings of consonants and vowels – these are properties such as stress, tone and intonation. These properties are somewhat more difficult to represent using the alphabetic-like transcription system, and there are many different ways they can be transcribed.

Question 44

syllabic consonants

Answer 44

there is not vowel in the second syllables … ex. prism, table, and hiker

Question 45

trachea

Answer 45

(windpipe)

Question 46

two types of vowels

Answer 46

diphthongs (two-part vowels) and monophthongs (ine part)

Question 47

velar

Answer 47

consonants that are produced at the soft part of the roof of the mouth behind the hard palate – the velum. Sounds made with the tongue near the velum are said to be velar.
[k] - kill
[g] - gill
[ŋ] - sing

Question 48

vocal folds (vocal cords)

Answer 48

Folds of muscle within the larynx

Question 49

vocal tract

Answer 49

(Above the larynx). Composed of the oral and nasal cavities.

Question 50

voiced

Answer 50

b, d, z, v, g, th

Question 51

voiced sounds

Answer 51

sounds made with the vocal folds vibrating

Question 52

voiceless

Answer 52

p, t, s, k, f, th

Question 53

voiceless sounds

Answer 53

sounds made without vibration

Question 54

voicing

Answer 54

The vibration of the vocal folds.

Question 55

voicing bar

Answer 55

place on the spectrogram that can indicate whether vocal fold vibrations are present in a sound

Question 56

sound waves

Answer 56

disturbances in the air set off by a movement of some sort, such as that produced by violin strings, rubber bands, tuning forks – or vocal folds

Question 57

compression

Answer 57

where air molecules are more crowded together than usual

Question 58

rarefaction

Answer 58

air molecules are spread farther apart than usual

Question 59

periodic wave

Answer 59

a sound wave that repeats at regular intervals