Figures of Speech (Rhetoric) Flashcards
Define the figure:
Alliteration
Using words that start with the same letter in a sentence.
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Polyptoton
Repeated use of one word as different parts of speech or in different grammatical forms.
Varied Case Usage
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Antithesis
Start with a simple statement, then add an unexpected inversion.
The basis formula of antithesis is “X is Y, and not X is not Y.”
Opposites for Contrast
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Merism
Where you don’t say what you’re talking about, and instead name all of its parts.
The Whole Divided into Parts
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Blazon
Making a list of the beloved’s body parts and attaching similes to them (a form of extended merism).
The Dismemberment of the Beloved
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Synaesthesia
A rhetorical device in which sense is described as another.
One Sense Describes Another
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Aposiopesis
Trailing off. In English, it means use of ellipses or an em dash.
Sudden Silence (Ellipses/Em dash)
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Hyperbaton
Putting words in an odd order.
Unexpected Word Order
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Anadiplosis
Taking the last word of a clause and making it the first word in the next clause.
Reduplicated Word
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Periodic Sentence
A big sentence that is not complete grammatically before the final clause or phrase.
Long, Suspenseful Sentence
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Hypotaxis
Writing with unnaturally long sentences, generally with an excess of subordinate clauses.
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Parataxis
Writing with short simple sentences.
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Diacope
A verbal sandwich: a word or phrase is repeated after a brief interruption.
Verbal Sandwich (ABA Unit, alt.: AABA unit)
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Rhetorical Question
A question that requires no answer, usually where the answer is too obvious to be stated.
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Erotesis
Type of rhetorical question.
A question that’s not really a question at all.
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Epiplexis
Type of rhetorical question.
A lament or insult asked as a question.
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Anacoenosis
Type of rhetorical question.
The sort of question where a particular audience will respond in a particular expected way, a leading question.
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Hypophora
Type of rhetorical question.
A rhetorical question that is immediately answered aloud, usually by the person who asked it.
Define the figure:
Catechism
Type of rhetorical question.
A series of questions and answers about religion that you need to memorize.
Define the figure:
Subjectio
Type of rhetorical question.
A series of questions asked by someone who already knows the answer, in a manner which asserts the asker’s authority and belittles the listener’s.
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Aporia
Type of rhetorical question.
A rhetorical question in which the questioner genuinely doesn’t know the answer.
Define the figure:
Unanswerable rhetorical question
Type of rhetorical question.
The sort where there is no answer, the sort where the questioner does not know the answer, does not expect anyone to know the answer, and does not expect to be informed.
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Procatalepsis
Type of rhetorical question
The arguer foresees a possible objection to his/her argument, asks a question posing the objection, and immediately answers it.
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Hendiadys
Take an adjective and a noun, and change the adjective into another noun.
Two for One
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Epistrophe
Ending sentences, phrases, or paragraphs with the same word or phrase.
End Refrain
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Tricolon
We see a pair and see a pattern. But add another word and get a tricolon.
Three in a Row (Rule of 3s)
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Epizeuxis
Repeating a word immediately in exactly the same sense.
Triplet (The No No No or Yes Yes Yes)
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Syllepsis
When one word is used in two (or more) incongruous ways.
Taking Together
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Isocolon
Two clauses or sentences that are grammatically parallel, two sentences that are structurally the same.
Parallelism
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Enallage
A deliberate grammar mistake.
Intentional Grammar Mistake
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Zeugma
A series of clauses which use the same verb.
Yoking Together
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Paradox
A seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition.
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Veridical paradox
A phrase or statement that appears impossible, but is actually quite simple; i.e., a simple thought described in a surprising, paradoxical way.
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Pun paradox
Word play paradox.
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True paradox
A paradox that describes something impossible (except in language).
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Chiasmus
Where the words of the first half are mirrored in the second half.
Verbal Symmetry (ABBA)
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Assonance
Repeating a vowel sound.
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The Fourteenth Rule
Using numbers can make just about anything sound ancient, significant, and mysterious.
Numbers are Mysterious
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Catachresis
When a sentence is so startingly wrong that it’s right.
Strange Usage, Jazz Grammar
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Litotes
Affirming something by denying its opposite. It’s a form of understatement-by-negative.
Ironic Understatement
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Synecdoche
The extreme form of metonymy, where you become one of your body parts. You are your feet, your lips, or your liver.
A Part Represents the Whole
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Historical synecdoche
A subset of synecdoches, where one part of the story stands for the whole things, not because it’s a symbol of it, but because it’s part of it.
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Metonymy
When two things are connected because they are really physically connected.
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Transferred epithets
When an adjective is applied to the wrong noun.
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Pleonasm
The use of unneeded words that are superfluous and unnecessary in a sentence that doesn’t require them.
Verbiage
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Tiny pleonasm
Unnecessary/ungrammatical extra words seeping in, making a subtle pleonasm.
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Lazy pleonasm
The fake sort of language that advertisers use, making language more redundant and content free than it otherwise would be.
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Literary pleonasm
Lovely pleonasm (excess verbiage) used for emphasis and amplification.
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Epanalepsis
When you end where you began a sentence (repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and end of a sentence or clause to emphasize circularity).
Circularity
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Personification
The representation of an abstract quality in human form.
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Hyperbole
Exaggeration.
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Adynaton
An impossibility, which means “this is the case,” i.e., this is how it is.
The Never Ever Ever Statement
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Prolepsis
Using the pronoun before saying what it refers to.
The Pronoun Goes First
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Congeries
Latin for heap, and in rhetoric it applies to any piling of adjectives or nouns in a list.
Lengthy List
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Scesis Onomaton
Sentences without a main verb.
Verbless Sentence
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Anaphora
Starting every sentence with the same words.
Repeated Beginnings
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Using words that start with the same letter in a sentence.
Alliteration
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Repeated use of one word as different parts of speech or in different grammatical forms.
Varied Case Usage
Polyptoton
Identify the figure from the definition:
Start with a simple statement, then add an unexpected inversion.
The basis formula is “X is Y, and not X is not Y.”
Opposites for Contrast
Antithesis
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Where you don’t say what you’re talking about, and instead name all of its parts.
The Whole Divided into Parts
Merism
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Making a list of the beloved’s body parts and attaching similes to them (a form of extended merism).
The Dismemberment of the Beloved
Blazon
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A rhetorical device in which sense is described as another.
One Sense Describes Another
Synaesthesia
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Trailing off. In English, it means use of ellipses or an em dash.
Sudden Silence (Ellipses/Em dash)
Aposiopesis
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Putting words in an odd order.
Unexpected Word Order
Hyperbaton
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Taking the last word of a clause and making it the first word in the next clause.
Reduplicated Word
Anadiplosis
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A big sentence that is not complete grammatically before the final clause or phrase.
Long, Suspenseful Sentence
Periodic Sentence
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Writing with unnaturally long sentences, generally with an excess of subordinate clauses.
Hypotaxis
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Writing with short simple sentences.
Parataxis
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A verbal sandwich: a word or phrase is repeated after a brief interruption.
Verbal Sandwich (ABA Unit, alt.: AABA unit)
Diacope
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A question that requires no answer, usually where the answer is too obvious to be stated.
Rhetorical Question
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Type of rhetorical question.
A question that’s not really a question at all.
Erotesis
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Type of rhetorical question.
A lament or insult asked as a question.
Epiplexis
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Type of rhetorical question.
The sort of question where a particular audience will respond in a particular expected way, a leading question.
Anacoenosis
Identify the figure from the definition:
Type of rhetorical question.
A rhetorical question that is immediately answered aloud, usually by the person who asked it.
Hypophora
Identify the figure from the definition:
Type of rhetorical question.
A series of questions and answers about religion that you need to memorize.
Catechism
Identify the figure from the definition:
Type of rhetorical question.
A series of questions asked by someone who already knows the answer, in a manner which asserts the asker’s authority and belittles the listener’s.
Subjectio
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Type of rhetorical question.
A rhetorical question in which the questioner genuinely doesn’t know the answer.
Aporia
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Type of rhetorical question.
The sort where there is no answer, the sort where the questioner does not know the answer, does not expect anyone to know the answer, and does not expect to be informed.
Unanswerable rhetorical question
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Type of rhetorical question
The arguer foresees a possible objection to his/her argument, asks a question posing the objection, and immediately answers it.
Procatalepsis
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Take an adjective and a noun, and change the adjective into another noun.
Two for One
Hendiadys
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Ending sentences, phrases, or paragraphs with the same word or phrase.
End Refrain
Epistrophe
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We see a pair and see a pattern. But add another word and get this figure.
Three in a Row (Rule of 3s)
Tricolon
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Repeating a word immediately in exactly the same sense.
Epizeuxis
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When one word is used in two (or more) incongruous ways.
Taking Together
Syllepsis
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Two clauses or sentences that are grammatically parallel, two sentences that are structurally the same.
Parallelism
Isocolon
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A deliberate grammar mistake.
Intentional Grammar Mistake
Enallage
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A series of clauses which use the same verb.
Yoking Together
Zeugma
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A seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition.
Paradox
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A phrase or statement that appears impossible, but is actually quite simple; i.e., a simple thought described in a surprising, paradoxical way.
Veridical paradox
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Word play paradox.
Pun paradox
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A paradox that describes something impossible (except in language).
True paradox
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Where the words of the first half are mirrored in the second half.
Verbal Symmetry (ABBA)
Chiasmus
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Repeating a vowel sound.
Assonance
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Using numbers can make just about anything sound ancient, significant, and mysterious.
Numbers are Mysterious
The Fourteenth Rule
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When a sentence is so startingly wrong that it’s right.
Strange Usage, Jazz Grammar
Catachresis
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Affirming something by denying its opposite. It’s a form of understatement-by-negative.
Ironic Understatement
Litotes
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The extreme form of metonymy, where you become one of your body parts. You are your feet, your lips, or your liver.
A Part Represents the Whole
Synecdoche
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A subset of synecdoches, where one part of the story stands for the whole things, not because it’s a symbol of it, but because it’s part of it.
Historical synecdoche
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When two things are connected because they are really physically connected.
Metonymy
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When an adjective is applied to the wrong noun.
Transferred epithets
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The use of unneeded words that are superfluous and unnecessary in a sentence that doesn’t require them.
Verbiage
Pleonasm
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Unnecessary/ungrammatical extra words seeping in, making a subtle pleonasm.
Tiny pleonasm
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The fake sort of language that advertisers use, making language more redundant and content free than it otherwise would be.
Lazy pleonasm
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Lovely pleonasm (excess verbiage) used for emphasis and amplification.
Literary pleonasm
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When you end where you began a sentence (repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and end of a sentence or clause to emphasize circularity).
Circularity
Epanalepsis
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The representation of an abstract quality in human form.
Personification
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Exaggeration.
Hyperbole
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An impossibility, which means “this is the case,” i.e., this is how it is.
The Never Ever Ever Statement
Adynaton
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Using the pronoun before saying what it refers to.
The Pronoun Goes First
Prolepsis
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Latin for heap, and in rhetoric it applies to any piling of adjectives or nouns in a list.
Lengthy List
Congeries
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Sentences without a main verb.
Verbless Sentence
Scesis Onomaton
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Starting every sentence with the same words.
Repeated Beginnings
Anaphora
Identify the figure from the example:
“The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne,
Burned on the water. The poop was beaten gold,
Purple the sails, and so perfumèd that
The winds were lovesick with them. The oars were silver,
Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke, and made
The water which they beat to follow faster,
As amorous of their strokes.”
Alliteration
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“Curiosity killed the cat.”
Alliteration
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“A miss is as good as a mile.”
Alliteration
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“Don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater.”
Alliteration
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“She’s right as rain.”
Alliteration
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“It takes two to tango.”
Alliteration
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“Cool as a cucumber.”
Alliteration
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“Dead as a doornail.”
Alliteration
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The Pickwick Papers
Alliteration
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A Christmas Carol
Alliteration
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Sense and Sensibility
Alliteration
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Pride and Prejudice
Alliteration
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Where’s Waldo?
Alliteration
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“He knows which side of his bread is buttered.”
Alliteration
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“Ban the bomb.”
Alliteration
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“Burn your bra.”
Alliteration
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“Power to the people.”
Alliteration
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“It’s enough to get your goat.”
Alliteration
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“Please Please Me”
Polyptoton
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“Nothing you can do that can’t be done
Nothing you can sing that can’t be sung”
Polyptoton
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“Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove.”
Polyptoton
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“Is this the dagger that I see before me,
The handle towards my hand?”
Polyptoton
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“Grace me no grace, nor uncle me no uncle:
I am no traitor’s uncle; and that word “grace”
In an ungracious mouth is but profane.”
Polyptoton
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“But me no buts.”
Polyptoton
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“Give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us.”
Polyptoton
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“I have been a stranger in a strange land.”
Polyptoton
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“Piper, pipe that song again.”
Polyptoton
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“This one step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”
Polyptoton, Antithesis
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“The well-bred contradict other people. The wise contradict themselves.”
Antithesis
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“If a man knows he’s a gentleman, he knows quite enough. If he is not a gentleman, whatever he knows is bad for him.”
Antithesis
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“Wicked women bother one. Good women bore one.”
Antithesis
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“Women represent the triumph of matter over mind; men represent the triumph of mind over morals.”
Antithesis
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“United we stand, divided we fall.”
Antithesis
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“Those who do, can; those who can’t, teach.”
Antithesis
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“Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal.”
Antithesis
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“To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven:
A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted;
A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build up;
A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance;
A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together; a time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing;
A time to get, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and a time to cast away;
A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to keep silence, and a time to speak;
A time to love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace.”
Antithesis, Anaphora
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“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way…”
Antithesis, Anaphora
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“Ladies and gentlemen”
Merism
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“Night and day”
Merism
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“Cannon to right of them, / Cannon to left of them, Cannon to the front of them”
Merism
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“I, ______, take you, ______, to be my wedded wife/husband, and I do promise and covenant, before God and these witnesses, to be your loving and faithful husband/wife, in plenty and want, in joy and in sorrow, in sickness and in health, as long as we both shall live.”
Merism
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“Loud colors”
Synaesthesia
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“Bright melodies”
Synaesthesia
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“Dark rumblings”
Synaesthesia
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“Silky voice”
Synaesthesia
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“Harmonious colors”
Synaesthesia
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“A gravelly voice”
Synaesthesia
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“Warm colors of a painting”
Synaesthesia
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“She smelled the way the Taj Mahal looks by moonlight.”
Synaesthesia
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“Music that stinks to the ear”
Synaesthesia
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“It smelled like victory.”
Synaesthesia
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“No, Percy, thou art dust
And food for…”
Aposiopesis
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“No, you unnatural hags,
I will have such revenges on you both,
That all the world shall… I will do such things…”
Aposiopesis
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“Clean your room or else.”
Aposiopesis
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“Have fire in this garret before night or—”
Aposiopesis
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“Speaking of the Devil…”
Aposiopesis
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“When in Rome…”
Aposiopesis
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“Out of the mouth of babes…”
Aposiopesis
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“Stone walls do not a prison make,
Nor iron bars a cage…”
Hyperbaton
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“Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.”
Hyperbaton
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“We glory in tribulations also, knowing that tribulation worketh patience, and patience, experience, and experience, hope, and hope maketh man not ashamed.”
Anadiplosis
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“The love of wicked men converts to fear;
That fear to hate, and hate turns one or both
To worthy danger and deserved death”
Anadiplosis
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“For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime”
Anadiplosis
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“But O the heavy change now thou art gone,
Now thou art gone and never must return.”
Anadiplosis
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“The general who became a slave. The slave who became a gladiator. The gladiator who defied an emperor.”
Anadiplosis
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“If the soup had been as warm as the wine, and the wine as old as the fish, and the fish as young as the maid, and the maid as willing as the hostess, it would have been a very good meal.”
Anadiplosis, Periodic Sentence
Identify the figure from the example:
“This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle,
This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,
This other Eden, demi-paradise,
This fortress built by Nature for herself
Against infection and the hand of war,
This happy breed of men, this little world,
This precious stone set in a silver sea
Which serves it in the office of a wall
Or as a moat defensive to a house,
Against the envy of less happier lands,
This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England,
This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings,
Feared by their breed and famous for their birth,
Renownèd for their deeds as far from home
For Christian service and true chivalry
As is the sepulchre in stubborn Jewry
Of the world’s ransom, blessèd Mary’s son.
This land of such dear souls, this dear, dear land,
Dear for her reputation through the world,
Is now leased out – I die pronouncing it –
Like to a tenement or pelting farm.”
Periodic Sentence, Congeries
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“Every breath you take, Every move you make, Every bond you break, Every step you take, I’ll be watching you.”
Periodic Sentence
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“Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her.”
Hypotaxis
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“Bond. James Bond.”
Diacope
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“Burn, baby, burn”
Diacope
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“Fly, my pretties, fly!”
Diacope
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“Events, my dear boy, events.”
Diacope
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“Crisis? What crisis?”
Diacope
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“You will, Oscar. You will.”
Diacope
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“From sea to shining sea”
Diacope
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“Sunday bloody Sunday”
Diacope
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“O Captain! My captain!”
Diacope