Fieldwork

Question 1

Features of PLANNING

Answer 1

• geographical feature/theory
• main hypothesis
• sub hypotheses
• background reading

Question 2

Hypotheses

Answer 2

proposed explanations based on limited evidence/geographical theories that state how your data may create a conclusion

Question 3

Null hypothesis

Answer 3

a statement that goes against general geographical theory (so the data just has to prove that it is false, and not that something else is true)

Question 4

Positive/alternative hypothesis

Answer 4

a statement that is in line with geographical theory / that proves a null hypothesis wrong

Question 5

Qualitative data

Answer 5

data without numerical value

- destinations of vehicles during rush hour

Question 6

Quantitative data

Answer 6

data that can be numerically measured

- distance people travel to work

Question 7

Transect

Answer 7

line on a map that links two points along which recordings are taken regularly

Question 8

Callipers

Answer 8

measure dimensions of small objects like pebbles

Question 9

Clinometer

Answer 9

measures angle of slope

Question 10

Ranging pole

Answer 10

marks out features that occur in straight lines

Question 11

Collection techniques

Answer 11

• surveys
• interviews
• questionnaires
• observations (photos and annotated sketches)

Question 12

Survey

Answer 12

measure of opinions or experiences of a group of people through the asking of questions

Question 13

Questionnaire

Answer 13

a set of printed or written questions

Question 14

Aims of Sampling

Answer 14

• to gain data that represents a larger select group
• more efficient
• eases analysis

Question 15

Random sampling

Answer 15

when sources are chosen without any prior planning

- reduces human bias

Question 16

Systematic sampling

Answer 16

when interval size between samples is predetermined and followed regardless
- reduces human bias but sampling frame may have inherent bias

Question 17

Stratified sampling

Answer 17

when sampling frame is split into strata/smaller groups and proportionally represented
- most accurate representation BUT extensive knowledge needed to create strata

Question 18

Types of charts

Answer 18

• column
• bar
• comparative bar
• composite bar
• histogram
• pictogram

Question 19

Composite bar chart

Answer 19

to show more than one type of data for each variable

- showing hobbies AND different age groups of people who like those hobbies

Question 20

Types of maps

Answer 20

• land use/GOAD
• proportional symbols
• flow lines
• dot maps
• isoline
• chloropleth

Question 21

Types of graphs

Answer 21

• scatter
• line
• radial

Question 22

Line graphs

Answer 22

show change in quantity of a variable over time

Question 23

Radial graphs

Answer 23

show 5+ sets of data at once

• show strength of any one variable
• show strength of an area compared to others

Question 24

Isoline maps

Answer 24

presents numerical data cartographically

• height above sea level
• air temperature
• air pressure

Question 25

Chloropleth shading

Answer 25

when data is arranged spatially into different categories

• temperature
• precipitation

Question 26

Types of qualitative presentation

Answer 26

• photos/field sketches
• flow diagrams
• mind maps
• word clouds

Question 27

Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient

Answer 27

statistical test that examines the degree to which 2 data sets are correlated
- answer obtained compared to a significance table to ensure it isn’t by chance (95% certainty)

Question 28

Features of CONCLUSION

Answer 28

• summarise main findings

- answer hypotheses/main questions

Question 29

Features of EVALUATION

Answer 29

• reliability (precision, accuracy, significance)
• validity (whether your overall study was sound, contributions to geographical thinking)
• limitations