Fieldwork Flashcards
How would you use a tape measure
Placed down on the beach and can be used to measure distance between transacts to ensure accurate systematic sampling. Measure from waters edge to cliff foot
What are the safety concerns with measuring beach transects
Strong waves and strong winds . Access available to the beach e.g no slippery rocks , note high and low tides before going . Measure beaches with different types of surface and sediment for contrasting data
What are the benefits of line \ bar graphs
Quick and easy to draw , shows trend clearly , can be IT generated , easy to interpret
How should you analyse data
Patterns , anomalies , least , most , statistic
How would you make an experiment reliable
Repeat , check consistency , taken average , use more than one person to make visual decisions , appropriate sampling
How do you make a tape measure accurate
Hold it taunt and ensure distance is measured accurately
How was systematic sAmpling used at etreat
A reading was taken very 5 metres spaced at six intervals along the width of the beach
Risk assessment of the beach
Incoming tide - know tide times
Deep water - no students allowed in the water
Students getting lost - stay in groups of at least 5 and know staff mobile
Why is shingle beach more steep
Less significant backwash so beach builds up more and water infiltrates through stones and through gaps in stones
How do you measure beach angle
Locate a transact at each beach start at the seaward edge at low tide and place a ranging pole at the seaward edge of the h school and using the tape Mauser a distance of 2/5 m and mark with a second ranging pole use the clinoneter to measure the slope angle and record the angle measurement in +/- in the recording table .
What are justifications and measurements to ensure accuracy and reliability of data in measuring beach angle
5m is a representative distance . Clinomter quantifies beach angle . Multiple readings ensure accuracy . Tape measure held on surface of sand to the reduce slag and keep taunt .
What are limitations of using clinineter to measure beach slope angle
Very easy to get an inaccurate reading of the poles aren’t straight . Hard to keep transact lines perpendicular to shore line. When comparing beach profiles you have to consider tide times . Instrumental error in reading and using clinometers can give inaccurate readings .
What are the justifications in taking a digital photograph to show the beach profile , particularly steep sections , labelled field sketch
Quick and easy unbiased view that can be labelled and annotated
Limitations of taking digital photographs
The perspective and angle that the picture is taken might distort the image
What is longshore drift
The movement of beach sediment along the coast , occurs when waves approach the shore at an oblique angle . Swash rushes up the beach at the same angle as wave approach . Backwash drains back down the beach perpendicular to coastline . Sediment moves in a zig zag pattern along beach . As sediment is transported its subject to attrition. Pebbles crash into each other in the waves and sharp corners and edges are knocked off so they become smaller and rounder
What Sampling would you need to investigate sediment size
Measure pebble size on the long distanceaxis and shape at 5 locations equally spaced (systematic sampling ) , select 10 pebbles from 5 equally spaced site along each transact (systematic sampling ) selection of pebbles behind back with out looking ( random sampling) to avoid bias . Pebbles will become smaller and more rounded from south to north showing longshore drift is moving from south to north .
What equipment would you need to investigate sediment size
Tape measure , callipers , pebble roundness index , recording sheet , digital camera to take photos of beach sediment at echa location
What is the point of using calliper and how do you use them
Measure long axis of pebbles and record In a tally chart using size classes . They give more accurate measurements than a ruler
How do you use roundness index and what are the problems
Use roundness index to score each pebble on a scale of 1-6 ( very angular to well rounded ) and record as a tally chart . The issue with this is roundness is subjective .
How would you take dig photos to show pebbles
Take digital photos of pebbles at each transect to give visual evidence of the changes in size and shape of the pebbles . Put a ruler on pebbles so sizes can be compared easily
What are two factors to be considered when choosing a suitable site to collect beach data
Accesbiltity Bach should be easily accessible for field work . Beach should be wide enough to have space to collect data
How do you use a tape measure on a beach
Used to measure distance from sea which would be useful when investigating beach profiles to help with systematic sampling by taking a reading of beach angle slope every 5 metres and take measure would be placed on ground and 5 metres red off it
What is the function of rock armour
Acts as a buffer between beach and promenade , water trickles through cracks in rocks which slows it down significantly
How does an arch form
Crack forms in rock due to marine erosion mainly hydraulic action and abrasion . A crack is a line of weakness and is exposed to marine erosion . Over time the crack is enlarged by hydraulic action and abrasion and a cave forms , overtime the cave is enlarged . Cave on other side of headland is eroding and enlarging and eventually the two caves meet forming an arch
What happens to arches over time
They will collapse as a result of abrasion and hydraulic action at the base of the arch and weathering at the top leaving behind a stack . Stack is subject to wave atack , the base is weakened by erosion and weathering and eventually collapses and leaves a stump
What kind of cliffs does resistant rock form
Tall
What does grass on top of cliff show
Biological weathering
What factors need to be considered in choosing a suitable site
Choose 11 sites on the course of the river seulels
Accessibility - road or footpath access - site on private land or public access , can river channel be reached easily (no steep backs )
Safety - river must not be too deep or fast flowing
What must you do at each sight on the river
Measure channel width , depth , wetted perimeter , bedload and velocity .
Digital photographs
Sketches
Equipment needed for river investigation
Tape measure ,metre rule , flow meter or stop watch and orange , ruler , roundness index , data recording sheets and digital camera
How is sAmpling used in the river investigation ( same sites in water quality and river characteristics )
Locations equally spaced as possible (4km apart ) but choice determined by factors such as accessibility (road or footpath access ) and safety e.g. Depth of water . Systematic sampling with practicality if the river is ro deep or fast flowing to measure
What are risks with rivers
Water depth - test before entry don’t enter where it’s deep
Steep banks - avoid and go down less steep banks
Fast flowing water - be careful
Weils disease - wash hands
How do you measure channel with
Stretch taunt tape measure from one bank to another at 90 degrees to the flow of river and record on recording sheet
Justification and measured to ensure accuracy and reliability in river width
A numerical value you can compare
Tape stretched taunt for accurate reading .
Tape on water surface to make it less affected by wind
However you could inaccurately read tape
How to measure channel depth
Stretch tape taut across channel and use a metre ruler to take measurement of water depth and regular 20 m intervals and record on the recording sheet
Justifications and measurements to ensure accuracy of mesuring channel depth
Every 20 cm measured to account for variation of depth . Stand downstream of the measuring tape so it doesn’t affect your reading . Limitation is missreading or a greater variation of depth
How do you measure the wetted perimeter
Hold tape firmly at one end of the water surface . Hold at edge of the bank and walk along the tape pushing it onto every hollow .record on recording sheet
Measured to ensure accuracy and reliability
Limitations and evaluations of wetted perimeter
Walk on measuring tape to measure entire bed . Inaccurate as you might not go into every hollow . You could use a chain which sinks to increase Acurrcay
How to measure velocity
Use an orange , tape and stopwatch to record time taken for an orange to travel 10 m, marked using ranging poles .
Or use a flow meter to measure the number of revolutions of the propeller which can then be converted to m/ sec using a graph
Justification and mesures to ensure accuracy of mesuring velocity and limitations .
10 m is a proper distance for the satsuma to travel satsuma is oragne and easy to spot
Orange light have frictional drag due to wind which would affect the timing
How do you measure bedload
Pick up the stone nearest to the bottom of your metre rule at each depth measurement .meaure long axis using callipers. Use pebble roundness index to score pebbles on a scale from 1-6
Justifications and measurements to ensure accuracy bed load and limitations
Accurate measurement of bed load size using callipers objective . Systematic sampling used . Roundness is subjective
Digital photographs river limitation justification accuracy
Take photos to show field skills and channel charchteristics is quick and easy to record and can be enlarged and annotated . Lighting might obscure things
Limitations and justification and ensuring accuracy of field sketches
Draw a sketch of each site and make observations of human modification of the channel land use and vegetation and add to the recording sheet . You can label and make annotations to help remember what you saw , its quick and easy but very open to interpretation what one person chooses to draw and annotate is subjective
How is a metre ruler used in collection of river channel data
Systematic sampling , narrow edge pointing up place top on bed of channel , to measure river depth every 20 cm across channel . You read off the scale . Measured water depth
Two factors choosing a site for river data
River should be accesible for field work - not too steep banks so you can enter river easily
River must not be too deep otherwise you may drown if you can’t stand .
Pollluted water poses health risk
Easy and safe to get in and out
Fast flowing water is dangerous
How do you ensure accurate river Chanel rays
Stretch mesuring tale taunt for accuracy . Have 2 people analysing pebble roundness to avoid bias and make data more reliable . Stand downstream of mesuring tape so you don’t interfere with the reading for accuracy . Repeat investigations for reliability and use an appropriate sampling technique reliability
What is evidence of river pollution
High nitatrate and phosphates from chemical fertilisers and slurry . Causes eutrophication . Industrial discharge causes warm water . Acid rain high ph
What must you be careful with chemicals used for testing
Wear goggles and wash hands thoroughly after use
How do you do visual pollution survey
Look carefully at river water and give a score form 0-4 for the seven criteria 1. Presence of suspended solids Colour Stones Water weed Grey algae Scum /froth/oil Dumped rubbish Calculate overall score, the higher the more polluted the water
Justifications and measures to ensure accuracy and reliability of data limitations and evaluation of visual pollution survey
Numbers allow us to compare other rivers . Work in groups to have more than one view .quantified reduce bias of a description . Total score makes data easier to handle . Repeat on different days to have a true reflection . Based on someone’s viewpoint so there may be bias . Hard to assess different criteria , at risk of subjectivity ,other conditions such as weather affect results
How do you do chemical testing
Take a sample of river water in testube and use chemical testing kit and test for nitrate , phosphate levels and ph .record results on a table
Justifications and measures to ensure accuracy and reliability and limitation and evaluation of chemical testing
Quantifies chemical pollution . Colour chart helps accuracy . Removes bias of visual survey . You can see where the pollution comes from e.g high nitrogen suggests farmers are using fertilisers . Repeating test and increasing sample size increases reliability . More time consuming than visual pollution survey . Subjectivity In indicator colour. Inaccuracy of measurement e.g different size drop of indicator ,not left for a long time .
How do you do kick sampling
Place bet on river bed . Kick river bed upstream of the net 20 seconds . The animals will then be carried downstream by the current into the net . Fill tray with river water and carefully tip contents of the net into tray .identify mini beats in tray using indentification sheet .
Justifications and measures to ensure accuracy and reliability and limitations and evaluations of kick sampling
Mini beast identification sheet adds accuracy , magnifying glasses help identify small creatures more affectively , you can repeat kick sample 3 times to build accuracy . Species can be miscounted if they are moving . Sediment covering beasts make it difficult to identify some
Taking digital photos of any evidence of pollution or sources of pollution and the mini beats justifications nd limitations
Confirms results from visual pollution survey to improve reliability . What you take a photo of is subjective not all types of pollution shown through digital photograph .
What is biotic index
Shows quality of environment by indicating types of organisms present as some organisms are pollution intolerant and will only be found in very clean water, semi pollution intollerant organisms are sensitive to pollution and will only be found in clean or slightly polluted waterways , pollution tolerant organism can be found in polluted water .
How can mini beast identification chart be used to collect water quality data o
Used with kick sampling to identify the mini beats in the net. Indicates pollution levels as some organisms are pollution intolerant
How is a ph test kit used
Test tube filled with river water , indicator solution put in , watch for cloour change and read off against colour chart
What is the vadility of using indicator species for pollination
They can move so easy to miscount . You don’t need sophisticated equipment . Represents small sample and only done at one period of time not relearned . No chemical tests to validate
What does Is environmental quality
A variety of landscape features including quality and design of building , traffic and congestion , dereliction , pavements , litter and signs of vandalism . It can be qualitative or quantative
What equipment is used to do an investigation on environmental quality
EQI at 30 sites , meaure noise level using decibel , take photos to give visual evidence of environmental quality .
Risks with environmental quality urban investigation
Avoiding cars and traffic ,be careful when crossing the road . Stranger danger , dont attract attention to yourself or split up .dont get lost - have map and teachers number . Don’t wave anything of value around
How do you do an EQI
Students work in groups and carry out the EQI at 5/6 sites . Bi polar survey in which each criteria is ranked on a scale of +2 to -2. Add up total EQI for each catergory . Calculate total EQI for each site and record in table .
Justification and measures to ensure accuracy and reliability and limitations and evaluations of EQI
Work in groups to come to consensus and avoid bias . Quantitative means there is easy comparison . Look at different aspects for an overall picture . Bi Polar scale means you can express a negative value . But is subjective and oversimplified you can’t add additional information , total score masks variation
Recording the average nose level at each location using decibel app justifications and measures to ensure accuracy and reliability and limitations and evaluations
Accurate quantitative measure of noise level, allows comparison not subject to bias . Over one minute allows an average representation of noise level. Simple accesible free . But one minute per day may not give an accurate representation . You must be quiet while recording
Taking digital photographs to give visual evedince of environmental quality along each transect. Justification and measures to ensure accuracy and reliability. Limitations and evaluations
Accurate quick simple unbiased image to refer back to but there is bias and selection in what’s taken a picture of
How can you investigate tourism
Number plates questionnaire. Car park use country number to make a tally of local cars vs foreign cars
What does SR do
Value between 1 and -1 . 0 means no correlation . Statistical technique to show strength and nature of relationship
How do you investigate tourism
Map tourist attractions and facilities , number plate survey to determine sphere of influence , tourist questionnaire to determine sphere of influence and use sample size of around 100 , interview at tourist office to find out number and nationalities of visitors ,digital photographs
You need : base map of arromanches , questionnaire , number plate survey recording sheet
What sampling should you use with a questionnaire
Systematic ask every 5/10th person
Safety with questionnaires
Personal safety stay together in groups , don’t approach tourists for questionnaire alone and have staff mobile
How to do an investigation for land use
Record changes in land use ( residential , commercial , industrial , open space ) , building age and height and environmental quality along six tansects radiating out from city centre .meauremnts every 20 m .used systematic sampling , six transect lines radiating out from cbd take observations at every 20 m.
How to asses land use
Work in groups of 5/6 one group per transect . All transects start In Main Street . Every 20 m record land use at ground floor level on right hand side of road. Using these catergories 1. Commercial A shops B cafes and restraunts C services banks estate agents D public buildings churches town hall 2 residential A low quality B medium quality C high quality 3 industrial 4 open space Record on recording sheet
Justifications and mesures to ensure accuracy and reliability of data for land use and limitations and evaluations
Systematic sampling every 20m pacing to avoid bias .more than 1 person doing pacing to make it more accurate . Catergories helped with identification and stopped qualitative description . But only 6 transects left large parts unsurveyed . Slow paced . Pacing was inaccurate trundle wheel would have increased accuracy . Housing categories very subjective with quality
How do you measure building height and age
Add building height ( counting stories ) and building age using French housing styles / agee sheet to help . Add results to recording sheet .
Justification and measures to ensure accuracy and reliability of data and limitations and evaluations of bulding height and age
French housing styled sheet ensured accuracy and helped recognise housing age. Counting stories is simple and quick to measure height . But it’s hard to age a building and difficult to distinguish , subjective , randomly placed windows make stories hard to see , new buildings built in styles of old
What would you use to investigate hypothesis - there is clustering of services
Map services on base map
What would you use to investigate hypothesis - pedestrian and traffic flows decrease with increasing distance from centre of CBD
For each 7 transect at each randomly generated placements Count number of pedestrians passing in both directions and on both sides of road In a five minute period . Repeat for traffic
Stages yo fieldwork
1- identify question
2- contextualise fieldwork , research background , secondary data set hypothesis
3- design the fieldwork pick sampling sites method risk assessment and select Appropriate reliable and accurate équipement
4- Collect data and present it in a suitable manner
5- analyse thé data and describe findings and make links
6- evaluate the process and results , comment on accuracy validity and reliability
