Field Test / Diploma Review Flashcards
What are examples of disturbing effects?
Forest fires, floods, volcanic eruptions
What is succession?
Sequence of invasion and replacement of species in an ecosystem over time
What are the kinds of succession?
- Primary (no soil)
- Secondary (disturbance that doesn’t fully take soil)
What are the communities found in succession?
- Pioneer Community (lichen)
- Climax community (animals or forests)
What is a community?
Interacting populations that inhabit a defined area
What are the types of competition?
- Interspecific (between 2 or more populations for limited resources)
- Intraspecific (between members of the same species for limited resources)
What are symbiotic relationships?
- Mutualism (both benefit)
- Commensalism (one benefits and the others is unaffected)
- Parasitism (one benefits the other is harmed)
What are the distribution patterns of populations?
- Random
- Clumped
- Uniform
What are the types of life strategies?
r selected
- short life
- early reproductive age
- large # offspring
- little paternal care
K selected
- live close to carrying capacity
- few offspring
- parental care longer
- larger bodies
What is genetic drift?
A change in allele frequencies due to chance events
- Founder effect (small break off population that isn’t a true genetic representation of the parent population)
- Bottleneck effect (Dramatic and temporary reduction in population size)
What is gene flow?
The net movement of alleles from one population to another due to the migration of individuals
What is a population?
A group of organisms of the same species that live together in a defined area and time
What is a gene pool?
The sum of all alleles for all the genes in a population
What is DNA composed of?
- 5 carbon sugar
- Phosphate
- Nitrogen base
What is a gene and genome?
- sub unit of DNA that directs production of proteins
- All the DNA carried in each cell of an organism
What are the 3 characteristics crucial to gene expression?
- Code is redundant
- Code is continuous
- Code is universal
What are the characteristics of RNA?
- Contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar
- U replaces T
- Single and short strand
Define Homeostasis:
State of relative stability within the body
What is the nervous system?
The system that monitors/controls all body processes
What are the cells of the nervous system?
- Neurons (basic structural/functional unit and conducts electrochemical signal)
- Glial cells (nourish, remove waste and protect neurons
What are the 3 main types of neuron?
- Sensory (gathers info from sensory receptors and signals CNS)
- Interneurons (link sensory and motor neurons - process/integrates info)
- Motor (transmits info from CNS to muscles, glands, and organs)
What are the structures of neuron cell?
- Dendrites (receive nerve impulses)
- Cell body (processes input from dendrites and site of metabolic processes)
- Axon (conducts impulse away from cell body)
- Branching ends (releases chemical signal to neighboring cells)
- Myelin sheath (protects neuron and speeds up nerve impulse)
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What is a reflex arc?
- Body reacts rapidly in danger
- Involuntary and unlearned
- Signal skips brain processing
- Few neurons involved
What are the components of signal transmission?
- Synapse (region between neurons)
- Neuromuscular junction (synapse between a motor neuron and muscle cell)
- Synaptic knob (end of axon - branches)
- Presynaptic neuron (carries impulses to synapse)
- Postsynaptic neuron (receives impulses away from synapse)
- Neurotransmitter (chemical messenger that transmits signal from pre to postsynaptic neuron)
What are neurotransmitters?
- Stored in the presynaptic neuron in synaptic vesicles
- Most common acetylcholine or norepinephrine
- Only present in synaptic bulbs
What is the central nervous system?
- Structural and functional center
- Neural integration and processing
- Brain + Spine
- Protected by bones, meninges, and fluid
What are the 3 regions of the brain?
- Forebrain
- Midbrain
- Hindbrain
What are the 3 parts of the hindbrain?
- Pons (bridge between left and right side of brain)
- Medulla Oblongata (homeostatic functions)
- Cerebellum (position, body movement, motor skills)
What does the midbrain do?
Relays visual and audio info between the forebrain and hindbrain
What are the 3 parts of the forebrain?
- Cerebrum (coordination, consciousness, personality, reasoning, memory, intellect, and is divided into left and right hemispheres)
- Thalamus (relays sensor info for interpretation)
- Hypothalamus (regulates homeostasis)
What are the lobes of the hemispheres?
- Frontal (intellect + motor movement + skeletal muscle control)
- Occipital (vision)
- Parietal (sensory and position)
- Temporal (audio)
What is the corpus callosum?
thick band of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain and transferring signals
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Senses physical/chemical stimuli and sends a message to the CNS
What are the 2 divisions of the PNS?
- Somatic (voluntary motor output)
- Autonomic (involuntary motor output)
What are the 2 sub-systems of the Autonomic division?
- Sympathetic (fight or flight)
- Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
What is sensation vs. perception?
- signals sent to brain from receptors
- brain interprets those signals
What are the 4 categories of receptors?
- Photoreceptors (rods + cones that detect brightness/color)
- Chemoreceptors (stimulated by chemicals = tongue)
- Mechanoreceptors (stimulated by mechanical energy = ear hair)
- Thermoreceptors (stimulated by heat = skin)
What are the 4 layers of the eye?
- Sclera (main layer)
- Choroid (blood vessels, nourishes eye and contains iris, lens, AH)
- Retina (cones + rods)
- Cornea (outermost layer in front of lens)
What are the other parts of the eye?
- Iris (muscles that protect from bright light)
- Lens (camera + focuses light)
- Aqueous humor (fluid between cornea and lens)
- Vitreous humor (fluid between lens and retina)
- Optic nerve (relays info to brain)
What are the parts of the ear?
- Pinna (focuses sound)
- Auditory canal (passageway + amplifies)
- Typanum (vibrates)
- Ossicles (amplifies sound)
- Eustachian tube (throat)
- Semicircular canal (balance)
- Cochlea (hearing)
- Organ of corti (receptors + relay)
What are the 2 types of gland?
- Endocrine (inside body to target cells)
- Exocrine (outside body)
