Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AH bio > Field Techniques for Biologists / evolution > Flashcards

Field Techniques for Biologists / evolution Flashcards

1
Q

what are hazards in fieldwork

A

adverse weather conditions
difficult terrain
problems associated with isolation
contact with harmful organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is risk

A

the likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a risk assessment

A

involves identifying control measures to minimise risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some control measures

A

appropriate equipment, clothing, and footwear
means of communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does a point count involve

A

the observer recording all individuals seems from a fixed point count location
this can be compared to other point count locations or with data from the same location gathered at other times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are capture techniques for mobile species

A

traps and nets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do you sample elusive species

A

directly - camera traps
indirectly - scat sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how can you identify an organism

A

classification guides
biological keys
analysis of DNA or protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is taxonomy

A

the identification and naming of organisms and their classification into groups based on shared characteristics
classic taxonomy is based on morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is phylogenetics

A
  • the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms
  • uses heritable traits such as morphology, DNA sequences, and protein structure to make inferences about an organism’s evolutionary history and create a phylogeny (or phylogenetic tree) - a diagrammatic hypothesis of its relationships to other organisms. genetic evidence can reveal relatedness obscured by divergent or convergent evolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

give examples of taxonomic groups

A

nematodes, arthropods, and chordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are model organisms and give examples

A

model organisms are those that are either easily studied or have been studied well

  • the bacterium - E. coli
  • the flowing plant - Arabidopsis thaliana
  • the nematode - C. elegans
  • the arthropod - Drosophila melanogaster
  • the chordate - mice, rats, and zebrafish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

equation for estimating a population size

A

N= MC / R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are methods of marking animals

A

banding
tagging
surgical implantation
painting
hair clipping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are measurements used to quantify animal behaviour

A

latency - the time between the stimulus occurring and the response behaviour
frequency - the number of times a behaviour occurs within the observation period
duration - the length of time each behaviour occurs during the observation period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is animal behaviour recorded on

A

an ethogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why should you avoid anthropomorphism when analysing behaviour

A

it can lead to invalid conclusions

18
Q

what is evolution

A

the change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population different in one or more inherited traits

19
Q

what causes changes in allele frequency

A

non-random - natural selection, sexual selection
random - genetic drift

20
Q

describe natural selection

A
  • natural selection acts on genetic variation
  • variation in traits arises as a result of mutation
  • mutation is the original source of new sequences of DNA
  • these new sequences can be novel alleles
  • most mutations are harmful or neutral, but in rare cases they may be beneficial to the fitness of an individual
21
Q

describe selection

A
  • individuals with variations that are better suited to their environment tend to survive longer and produce more offspring, breeding to pass on those alleles that conferred an advantage to the next generation
  • selection results in the non-random increase in the frequency of advantageous alleles and the non-random decrease of deleterious alleles
22
Q

describe sexual selection

A
  • the non-random process involving the selection of alleles that increase the individual’s chances of mating and producing offspring
  • sexual selection can lead to sexual dimorphism
  • sexual selection can be due to male-male rivalry and female choice
23
Q

describe male-male rivalry

A

large size or weaponry increases access to females through conflict

24
Q

describe female choice

A

females assessing the fitness of males

25
Q

describe genetic drift

A
  • occurs when chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
  • important in small populations, as alleles are more likely to be lost from the gene pool
  • a gene pool is altered by genetic drift because certain alleles may be under-represented or over-represented and allele frequencies change
26
Q

describe the bottleneck effect

A

population bottlenecks occur when a population size is reduced for at least one generation

27
Q

how does selection pressure influence the rate of evolution

A

where selection pressures are strong the rate of evolution can be rapid

28
Q

what are selection pressures and give examples

A

selection pressures are the environmental factors that influence which individuals in a population pass on their alleles
examples
biotic - competition, predation, disease, parasitism
abiotic - changes in temperature, light humidity, pH, salinity

29
Q

what does the hardy-weinberg principle state

A

in the absence of evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant over the generations

30
Q

what are the condition for painting the HW equilibrium

A
  • no natural selection
  • random mating
  • no mutation
  • large population size
  • no gene flow (migration etc)
31
Q

what is the HW equation and what does each symbol mean

A

p^2 +2pq+q^2 =1

p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele
p^2 = frequency of homozygous domination genotype
q^2 = frequency of heterozygous genotype
2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype

32
Q

what is fitness and what does it measure

A

fitness is an indication of an individual’s ability to be successful at surviving and reproducing
fitness is a measure of the tendency of some organisms to produce more surviving offspring than competing members of the same species

33
Q

what is absolute fitness and how is it calculated

A
  • the ratio between frequency of individuals of a particular genotype after selection, to those before selection

frequency of a particular genotype after selection / frequency of a particular genotype before selection

34
Q

what does the absolute fitness show

A

=1 frequency of that genotype is stable
>1 increase in the genotype
<1 decrease in the genotype

35
Q

what is relative fitness and how is it calculated

A

the ratio of the number of surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype to the number of surviving offspring per individual of the most successful genotype

number of surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype /
number of surviving offspring per individual of the most successful genotype

36
Q

explain co-evolution

A
  • the process by which two or more species evolve in response to selection pressures imposed by each other
  • a change in the traits of one species acts as a selection pressure on the other species
  • co-evolution is frequently seen in pairs of species that have symbiotic interaction
37
Q

explain symbiosis

A

co-evolved intimate relationships between members of two different species

the impacts of these relationships can be positive (+), negative (-) or neutral (0) for the individuals involved

38
Q

what is mutualism

A

both organisms in the interaction are interdependent on each other for resources or other services
as both organisms gain from the relationship, the interaction is (+/+)

39
Q

what is commensalism

A

only one of the organisms benefit but he other is unaffected (+/0)

40
Q

what is parasitism

A

the parasite benefits in terms of energy or nutrients and the host is harmed as the result of the loss of these resources (+/-)

41
Q

what does the red queen hypothesis state

A

in a co-evolutionary relationship, change in the traits of one species can act as a selection pressure on the other species

this means that species in these relationships must adapt to avoid extinction

AH bio (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions