Fianle exame Flashcards
A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.
speech of introduction
A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.
speech of presentation
A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.
acceptance speech
A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea.
commemorative speech
What are some guidelines for an acceptance speech?
You thank the people who are bestowing the award and recognize the people who helped you gain it.
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.
denotative meaning
The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.
connotative meaning
A book of synonyms.
thesaurus
Words that refer to tangible objects.
concrete words
Words that refer to ideas or concepts.
abstract words
Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.
clutter
The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.
imagery
An explicit comparison, introduced with the word “like” or “as,” between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
simile
A trite or overused expression.
cliché
An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word “like” or “as,” between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
metaphor
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.
rhythm
The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.
parallelism
Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.
repetition
Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.
alliteration
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.
antithesis
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.
inclusive language
The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.
hearing
Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
listening
Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.
appreciative listening
Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.
empathic listening
Listening to understand the message of a speaker.
comprehensive listening
Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.
critical listening
The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 180 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 500 words a minute).
spare “brain time”
Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view.
active listening
An outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.
key-word outline
A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.
catalogue
A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.
call number
A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.
reference work
A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.
abstract
An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.
sponsoring organization
A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.
preliminary bibliography
A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.
brief example
A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.
example
A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.
extended example
Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.
quoting out of context
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.
spatial order
A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.
causal order
The materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
supporting materials
A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them.
connective
A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.
signpost
Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.
event
A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.
process
A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.
concept
To present one’s ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.
personalize
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.
ethos
credibility
The audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker’s credibility are competence and character.
initial credibility
The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.
derived credibility
The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.
terminal credibility
The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.
creating common ground
A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.
evidence
Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.
The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of this are evidence and reasoning.
logos
reasoning
The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.
analogical reasoning
Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.
fallacy
An error in reasoning.
ad hominem
A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.
pathos
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.
need
The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
burden of proof
The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.
plan
The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
practicality
The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?
Monroe’s motivated sequence
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
ethics
The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
ethical decisions
Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.
name-calling
The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution.
plagiarism
Presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own.
global plagiarism
Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own.
patchwork plagiarism
Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own.
incremental plagiarism
Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.
