Fhssodbgs Flashcards
PSDLH?
Pain suffering distress lasting harm
Two types of animal research
Fundamental/basic
Applied
Define sentience
Having conscious and subjective experiences.
How do we assume animals have feelings
Sensations and emotions
Social, empathic, altruistic
Memory, communication, culture
Five freedoms
From hunger and thirst From pain, injury and disease From fear/distress From discomfort To express normal behavior
3Rs
Replacement - non animal models, cell culture
Reduction - fewer animals (study design, sexes, publish neg results, stats)
Refinement - limit suffering (analgesia, blood volumes, humane end points, monitoring) husbandry, environmental enrichment
UCT animal ethics committees
SenateAEC - develop policy, senate inspecting vet audits
FHS AEC - scientific and ethical review, 3Rs, investigate non compliance
What standards and legislation do we have in SA
SANS
Animal protection act
Veterinary and para veterinary professions act
Medicines and related substances act
SPCA act, animal health act, occupational health and safety act.
Maximal blood sampling volumes
No more than 10% TBV on a day
No more than 15% in four weeks
Ave rodent = 60-70ml/kg
Name possible end points
Experimental endpoint
Error endpoint
Humane endpoint
Define humane endpoint
Pre defined endpoint (in AEC application)
Animal must be euthanasia immediately.
Specific signs to look for…
Routes of administration
Enteral Intracutaneous Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intraperitoneal Intravenous On skin/mucous membranes
Frequency of animal monitoring depends on
Severity of condition
Expected disease progression
Impact of procedure on animal
Factors causing pain and distress
Temp Hypoxia Oedema Electrolytes Dehydration Environment NB- smaller animals lose heat faster and starve quicker
Ability to detect pain and distress requires
Knowledge of rodent behavior
Systematic approach to observe
Types of observations for pain and distress
Activity level Attitude Fur and skin- cyanotic, pale, greasy, lesions Eyes- encrustation, clarity Behavior- spontaneous, provoked Body condition Food/fluid intake Posture Locomotion Neurological- tremor, head tilt, circling Vital signs
Four main facets of husbandry
Cages - IVC, filter top, open top. Density
Food and water
Bedding
Environmental enrichment
Pros and cons of inbred strains
Pro - low variation = smaller samples needed
Cons - extrapolate to humans
Way to get past low variation in inbred strains
Use F1 hybrids
Pros and cons of outbred stock
Pro - more valid to humans?
Cons - more variation = large sample needed
Types of genetically engineered mouse strains
Transgenesis
Homologous recombination
Random mutagenesis
Standard diet for rodents
60% starch
20% protein
5% fat
4% fibre
Microbial categories of animals
Germ free
Gnotobiotic
Specified pathogen free
Conventional
Define signal
Difference between cases and controls = treatment effect
How to calculate sample size
- Statistical power
- Statistical significance threshold
- Magnitude of meaningful Rx effect
- Expected variability of results
- Multiple comparisons
Types of statistical errors
Type 1 - false positives (p value)
Type 2 - false negatives (power)
Eggs of confounding variables
Husbandry Pain, stress, drugs Noise , light Different handlers Inter individual variation (sex) Intra individual variation (eg cortisol) Experimental (pipetting)
Two steps in euthanasia
Killing
Confirming death
Methods of killing
Carbon dioxide- rising concentration, 20% per min for 5 mins, the leave for further 5 mins.
Halothane then CO2 - halothane for 5 mins then CO2 for 5 mins
Overdose anaesthetic - pentobarbitone
Cervical dislocation (max 200grams)
Decapitation
Destruction
Methods to confirm death
Rigor Morris Cessation of circulation Exanguination Dislocation of neck Decapitation etc..
Define general anesthesia
Controlled and reversible loss of consciousness, caused by intoxication of CNS
4 pillars of general anesthesia
Narcosis
Sensory block
Motor block
Maintained autonomic stability
How do you detect inadequate anesthesia
Deep pain Eye blink reflex Jaw tone Whisker movement Heart and reap rate increase
Inhaled anaesthetic
Halothane, isoflurane
Injected anaesthetic
Xylazine, ketamine
Egsof peri operative care
No stress Do t withhold food Accurate weight Maintain body temp Eyelube Give fluids Pre and post operative analgesia
Morphine for mice
Buprenorphine
Surgical principles
Aseptic Gentle on tissues Clean cuts Careful haemostasis Obliterate dead space No tension on sutures
