FGGGNC Flashcards
What is a type certificate and certificate of registration?
Type certificate - when new model is made (Its safe)
Certificate of registration - A specific aircraft is safe
What are the Airframe Limitations
Maximum Take-Off Mass (MTOM)
> MSTOM - Fixed digits
> PLTOM - How environment affects it
Maximum Landing Mass (MLM)
> MLM - Fixed
> PLLM - Variable number (external conditions)
Maximum Zero Fuel Mass (MZFM)
> Max allowance with no usable fuel
Maximum Take-Off Mass (MTOM)…
Maximum Structural Take-Off Mass
Performance Limited Take-Off Mass
Maximum Landing Mass (MLM)…
Maximum Landing Mass
Performance Limited Landing Mass
Maximum Zero Fuel mass (MZFM)…
Max allowance with no usable fuel
Factors that affect air density are?
Altitude- higher = less dense
Temp - heat = expansion = less dense
Humidity - High humidity = less dense
The density equation is..
Density = Mass (KG)/Volume (Litres)
Driving Motor Vehicle
If there is a low density then…
Less air to mix with fuel for mixture
Less air molecules providing suction for lift (70% suction and 30% push)
What is the relation between height and temp?
Every 1000ft = 2 degrees decrees
Relationship between Pressure altitude and Flight level ?
FL - 050 = PA 5000
The Fahrenheit equation is…
F = (C * 1.8) + 32
Convert 20 degrees Celsius into Fahrenheit
68 degrees Fahrenheit
Convert 98 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius
36.67 degrees Fahrenheit
What are nine variables that affect Take-off/Landing Performance?
Aeroplane weight Aerodrome Pressure altitude Temp Wind Runway length Runway slope Runway surface Flap setting Humidity
Open flaps Take-Off leads to…
More lift = shorter ground run needed
BUT
lower climb
Closed flaps leads to…
Less lift = longer ground run needed BUT
higher/steeper climb
At high altitude, there is a decrease in…
Temp
Humidity
Pressure
Take-Off Distance speed needed is…
20% faster than stall speed
Weight during take-off will…
Increase stalling speed and decrease climb performance
Increases ground run distance by 20%
An increased density altitude means for take-off
A longer distance is needed
The equation for Density Altitude is…
Density Altitude = Pressure Altitude (ft) +- (120 * ISA Deviation)
(+ if hotter)
(- if colder)
The equation for temperature is…
Temp = 15 - (2 * Pressure Altitude/1000)
With
SHORT, DRY, GRASS
the increase in distance is…
20%
With
LONG, DRY, GRASS
the increase in distance is…
25%
With
LONG, WET, GRASS
the increase in distance is…
35%
If there is a 2% upslope then…
10% increase in distance
If there is a 2% downslope then…
10% decrease in distance
The safety factor for take off is…
- 33
(e. g. If required runway is 1000m, upslope with short dry grass then equation would be
1000 * 1.1 * 1.2 * 1.33
= 1755.6
So an aircraft that only requires 1000m with these conditions would need
1755.6 m
Landing Performance approach speed is…
30% higher than the stall speed
To allow for a go around if needed
Landing Performance approach speed minimum is…
30% higher than the stall speed
(1.3 multiplier)
(To allow for a go around if needed)
If weight is increased by 10% then…
distance to take-off increases by 10%
Safety factor for landing is…
1.43
Weight during Landing will…
Increase stalling speed (1.3 multiplier not enough)
An increase in density Altitude when landing means…
A longer distance is needed
Why take-off and Land into Headwind?
Take-off: Increases lift
BUT
slow
Landing: Allows more air molecules to hit wing providing lift at slower Ground speeds
Why not to Take-off and Land into tailwind?
Take-Off: Increases speed required to take off
Extra distance needed 20%
Landing: Groundspeed faster. longer runway needed
When landing open flaps…
1) Stall speed decreased
2) Steeper decline (See more)
What is ISA Deviation?
The amount of degrees the Outside Atmosphere Temperature (OAT) is from the ISA
