FFS AICP #1

Question 1

Cumulative zoning

Answer 1

Some statutory zoning schemes classify land usages on a scale from the “highest use” (the use that is least harmful to its neighbors) to the “lowest use” (the use that is most harmful to its neighbors). The highest on that list would likely be the low density residential zone, because single family residences are least likely to cause disturbances to their neighbors. The lowest use on the list would usually be high density industrial use, because of the extreme amount of pollution that often emanates as a result of such usage.

A cumulative zoning scheme will divide a city into zones and then allow a usage of property as long as the property is zoned for that usage or for a usage that is higher on the list. For example, under a cumulative zoning scheme, a person would be allowed to build a residence in an area that is zoned for commercial use because residential use would be higher on the list of zones. However, one would not be allowed to build a shopping mall in a residential zone because commercial use would be “lower” on the list than residential use.

The purpose behind zoning laws is to protect usages that are higher on this list from harms inflicted by usages that are lower on the list.

Question 2

Homestead Act of 1862

Answer 2

President Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act on May 20, 1862. On January 1, 1863, Daniel Freeman made the first claim under the Act, which gave citizens or future citizens up to 160 acres of public land provided they live on it, improve it, and pay a small registration fee.

Question 3

Robert Weaver

Answer 3

Robert Clifton Weaver was an American economist, academic, and political administrator who served as the first United States secretary of housing and urban development from 1966 to 1968, when the department was newly established by President Lyndon B. Johnson

Question 4

Zero Base Budgeting

Answer 4

Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is a budgeting technique in which all expenses must be justified for a new period or year starting from zero, versus starting with the previous budget and adjusting it as needed.

Question 5

Paul Davidoff

Answer 5

Paul Davidoff was an American planner, planning educator, and planning theoretician who conceptualized “advocacy planning” with his wife, Linda Stone Davidoff.

Question 6

Advocacy Planning Movement

Answer 6

Advocacy planning is here defined as a form of activist planning where the planners are affiliated with civil society, where their motivation springs from commitment to a client group or a client community they do not belong to, and where they make and promote a plan for this community on behalf of the client.

Question 7

Exactions

Answer 7

An exaction is a concept in US real property law where a condition for development is imposed on a parcel of land that requires the developer to mitigate anticipated negative impacts of the development.

Question 8

Goals Achievement Matrix

Answer 8

The goals achievement matrix clearly sets out planned goals and marks them against objectives and the necessary steps / measures to achieve the goals. For example, Goal 1 could be to improve economic growth, which could have a number of policy objectives i.e. promote high value added economy, retain diverse economic structure and remove obstacles to intervention, which also have a number of measures / alternatives to achieving the objectives

Question 9

Housing Act 1937

Answer 9

The Housing Act of 1937, formally the “United States Housing Act of 1937” and sometimes called the Wagner–Steagall Act, provided for subsidies to be paid from the United States federal government to local public housing agencies to improve living conditions for low-income families

Question 10

Shift Share Analysis

Answer 10

A shift-share analysis, used in regional science, political economy, and urban studies, determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors.

Question 11

Berman v. Parker

Answer 11

Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26, is a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that interpreted the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court voted 8–0 to hold that private property could be taken for a public purpose with just compensation. 1954

Question 12

ISTEA

Answer 12

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 is a United States federal law that posed a major change to transportation planning and policy, as the first U.S. federal legislation on the subject in the post-Interstate Highway System era.

Question 13

Metromedia v. City of San Diego

Answer 13

Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego, 453 U.S. 490, was a United States Supreme Court case in which it was decided that cities could regulate billboards, and that municipal governments could not treat commercial outdoor advertising more harshly than noncommercial messages. 1981

Question 14

Satisficing

Answer 14

Satisficing is a decision-making strategy or cognitive heuristic that entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptability threshold is met.

Question 15

NY State Tenement House Act of 1901

Answer 15

a New York State Progressive Era law which outlawed the construction of the dumbbell-shaped style tenement housing and set minimum size requirements for tenement housing. It also mandated the installation of lighting, better ventilation, and indoor bathrooms.

Question 16

State Standard Zoning Enabling Act

Answer 16

The first, A Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA), was developed by an advisory committee on zoning appointed by Secretary of Commerce (and later President) Herbert Hoover in 1921. After several revisions, the Government Printing Office published the first printed edition in May 1924, and a revised edition in 1926.

The SZEA had nine sections. It included a grant of power, a provision that the legislative body could divide the local government’s territory into districts, a statement of purpose for the zoning regulations, and procedures for establishing and amending the zoning regulations. A legislative body was required to establish a zoning commission to advise it on the initial development of zoning regulations.

Second one was published in 1927/28

Question 17

Euclidian Zoning

Answer 17

At its heart, Euclidean zoning is a type of zoning that only allows one kind of land use per zone. Different types of zones can include residential zones, commercial zones, industrial zones, mixed residential-commercial zones, and more. These zones can also contain sub-categories. AKA exclusionary zoning

Question 18

Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Mt. Laurel I

Answer 18

In 1975, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs in the case of Southern Burlington NAACP v. Mount Laurel Township. This decision, known as Mount Laurel I, outlawed exclusionary zoning and required all New Jersey municipalities to provide their “fair share” of their region’s affordable housing. This landmark civil rights case established one of the strongest
frameworks in the country to prevent and address residential segregation.

Question 19

Robert Moses

Answer 19

Robert Moses was an American urban planner and public official who worked in the New York metropolitan area during the early to mid 20th century. Despite never being elected to any office, Moses is regarded as one of the most powerful and influential individuals in the history of New York City and New York State.

Question 20

Fishbowl planning

Answer 20

Fishbowl is a strategy for organizing medium- to large-group discussions. Students are separated into an inner and outer circle. In the inner circle or fishbowl, students have a discussion; students in the outer circle listen to the discussion and take notes.

Question 21

Ladder of Citizen Participation

Answer 21

Sherry Arnstein’s typology of citizen participation is presented as a metaphorical “ladder,” with each ascending rung representing increasing levels of citizen agency, control, and power. In addition to the eight “rungs” of participation, Arnstein includes a descriptive continuum of participatory power that moves from nonparticipation (no power) to degrees of tokenism (counterfeit power) to degrees of citizen participation (actual power). 1969

Question 22

Institute of Transportation Engineers peak parking space factor

Answer 22

Traffic engineers typically design a site’s parking supply to match the 85th percentile peak parking rate. This means 85% of sites will have peak parking at or below this rate and typically gives a safety factor versus just using the average peak parking rate. Sixteen land uses were added to Parking Generation, which brings the number of land uses with parking datasets to 106

Question 23

HCM (Highway Capacity Manual): A Rating

Answer 23

free flow. Traffic flows at or above the posted speed limit and motorists have complete mobility between lanes. The average spacing between vehicles is about 550 ft(167m) or 27 car lengths. Motorists have a high level of physical and psychological comfort. The effects of incidents or point breakdowns are easily absorbed. LOS A generally occurs late at night in urban areas and frequently in rural areas.

Question 24

HCM (Highway Capacity Manual): B Rating

Answer 24

reasonably free flow. LOS A speeds are maintained, maneuverability within the traffic stream is slightly restricted. The lowest average vehicle spacing is about 330 ft(100 m) or 16 car lengths. Motorists still have a high level of physical and psychological comfort.

Question 25

HCM (Highway Capacity Manual): C Rating

Answer 25

stable flow, at or near free flow. The ability to maneuver through lanes is noticeably restricted and lane changes require more driver awareness. Minimum vehicle spacing is about 220 ft(67 m) or 11 car lengths. Most experienced drivers are comfortable, roads remain safely below but efficiently close to capacity, and posted speed is maintained. Minor incidents may still have no effect but localized service will have noticeable effects and traffic delays will form behind the incident. This is the target LOS for some urban and most rural highways.

Question 26

HCM (Highway Capacity Manual): D Rating

Answer 26

approaching unstable flow. Speeds slightly decrease as traffic volume slightly increases. Freedom to maneuver within the traffic stream is much more limited and driver comfort levels decrease. Vehicles are spaced about 160 ft(50m) or 8 car lengths. Minor incidents are expected to create delays. Examples are a busy shopping corridor in the middle of a weekday, or a functional urban highway during commuting hours. It is a common goal for urban streets during peak hours, as attaining LOS C would require prohibitive cost and societal impact in bypass roads and lane additions.

Question 27

HCM (Highway Capacity Manual): E Rating

Answer 27

unstable flow, operating at capacity. Flow becomes irregular and speed varies rapidly because there are virtually no usable gaps to maneuver in the traffic stream and speeds rarely reach the posted limit. Vehicle spacing is about 6 car lengths, but speeds are still at or above 50 mi/h(80 km/h). Any disruption to traffic flow, such as merging ramp traffic or lane changes, will create a shock wave affecting traffic upstream. Any incident will create serious delays. Drivers’ level of comfort becomes poor.[1] This is a common standard in larger urban areas, where some roadway congestion is inevitable.

Question 28

HCM (Highway Capacity Manual): F Rating

Answer 28

forced or breakdown flow. Every vehicle moves in lockstep with the vehicle in front of it, with frequent slowing required. Travel time cannot be predicted, with generally more demand than capacity. A road in a constant traffic jam is at this LOS, because LOS is an average or typical service rather than a constant state. For example, a highway might be at LOS D for the AM peak hour, but have traffic consistent with LOS C some days, LOS E or F others, and come to a halt once every few weeks.

Question 29

Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Mt. Laurel II

Answer 29

In 1983, the New Jersey Supreme Court upheld its initial Mount Laurel I decision. This second ruling created new avenues to ensure compliance with the Mount Laurel Doctrine, including the builder’s remedy. Mount Laurel II also invited the legislature to draft legislation to implement the Doctrine.

Question 30

Euclid vs. Ambler Realty

Answer 30

established legal precedent and constitutional justification for ZONING and, implicitly, “comprehensive” land-use planning. Euclid adopted an ordinance that prohibited Ambler’s developing the Euclid Ave. frontage as industrial. Ambler Realty sued Euclid in state court and lost. Claiming its land had been “taken” without due process, Ambler went to federal court. 1926

Question 31

NAFTA

Answer 31

The North American Free Trade Agreement was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada. Lifted tariffs.

Question 32

Which city developed the 1st comprehensive plan?

Answer 32

1925. Cincinnati became the first American city to have a comprehensive plan approved and adopted into law by a city council. Previously, comprehensive plans had been developed by civic organizations and adopted by cities.

Question 33

Consistency requirement

Answer 33

the term consistency requirements refers to the fact that in many states, state law says that zoning is required to be in conformance with the comprehensive plan. Other synonyms for the comprehensive plan are master plan and the older term general plan.

Question 34

Endangered Species Act

Answer 34

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a framework to conserve and protect endangered and threatened species and their habitats both domestically and abroad.

Question 35

1st English Lutheran Church v. County of LA

Answer 35

Los Angeles County, 482 U.S. 304 (1987), was a 6–3 decision of the United States Supreme Court. The court held that the complete destruction of the value of property constituted a “taking” under the Fifth Amendment even if that taking was temporary and the property was later restored.
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church operated a retreat center for handicapped children on its property within the Angeles National Forest. They called the camp Lutherglen. After a serious flood destroyed all the buildings in Lutherglen, the County of Los Angeles adopted an interim ordinance prohibiting building within the floodplain.

The church sued seeking damages, alleging the ordinance denied them all use of Lutherglen.

Question 36

Penn Central Transport v. City of NY

Answer 36

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Law of 1965 empowered the city to designate certain structures and neighborhoods as “landmarks” or “landmark sites.” Penn Central, which owned the Grand Central Terminal (opened in 1913), was not allowed to construct a multistory office building above it. The Court held that the restrictions imposed did not prevent Penn Central from ever constructing above the terminal in the future. New York’s objection was to the nature of the proposed construction and not to construction in general implemented to “enhance” the Terminal. Preventing the construction of a 50-plus story addition above the station was a reasonable restriction substantially related to the general welfare of the city. 1978

Question 37

Urban cluster

Answer 37

The Census Bureau introduced the urban cluster concept for Census 2000, replacing urban places located outside urbanized areas. Urban clusters are defined based on the same criteria as urbanized areas, but represent areas containing at least 2,500 and less than 50,000 people.

Question 38

Lucas v. S Carolina Coastal Council

Answer 38

In 1986, Lucas bought two residential lots on the Isle of Palms, a South Carolina barrier island. He intended to build single-family homes as on the adjacent lots. In 1988, the state legislature enacted a law which barred Lucas from erecting permanent habitable structures on his land. The law aimed to protect erosion and destruction of barrier islands. Lucas sued and won a large monetary judgment. The state appealed. In a 6-to-2 decision, the Court relied on the trial court’s finding that Lucas’s lots had been rendered valueless by the state law. “[W]hen the owner of real property has been called upon to sacrifice all economically beneficial uses in the name of the common good…he has suffered a taking.” 1992

Question 39

Oligotrophic

Answer 39

Oligotrophic lakes are those that are unproductive. generally very clear, deep, and cold. The lake substrate is typically firm and sandy. Nutrient levels are low

Question 40

Eutrophic

Answer 40

high levels of biological productivity. An abundance of plants is supported by such lakes due to the rich nutrient constitution, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.

Question 41

Statistical process control

Answer 41

Statistical process control or statistical quality control is the application of statistical methods to monitor and control the quality of a production process. This helps to ensure that the process operates efficiently, producing more specification-conforming products with less waste scrap.

Question 42

PUD

Answer 42

planned unit development (PUD)

A project or subdivision that consists of common property and improvements that are owned and maintained by an HOA for the benefit and use of the individual PUD unit owners.

Question 43

Management by Objective

Answer 43

a process where the goals of the organization are defined and conveyed by the management to the members of the organization with the intention to achieve each objective.

Question 44

1st national park

Answer 44

Yellowstone became the first national park in 1872, but the National Park Service was not established until 1916.

Question 45

PERT

Answer 45

The program evaluation and review technique is a statistical tool used in project management, which was designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project. a planning tool to calculate the time it will take to finish a project.

Question 46

Catherine Bauer Wurster

Answer 46

an American public housing advocate and educator of city planners and urban planners. A leading member of the “housers,” a group of planners who advocated affordable housing for low-income families, she dramatically changed social housing practice and law in the United States. 1934: She was appointed executive director of the New Labor Housing Conference by the American Federation of Labor. The same year, she brought forth her widely-praised “Modern Housing”, which analyzed the social, political, and economic factors of housing policy.

Question 47

Megalopolis

Answer 47

or a supercity, also called a megaregion, is a group of metropolitan areas which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on. They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent metropolises keep their individual identities. The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Jean Gottmann, a professor of political science at the University of Paris and member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, directed “A Study of Megalopolis” for The Twentieth Century Fund, wherein he described a megalopolis as a “world of ideas”. Gottmann, in his extensive studies, applied the term megalopolis to an analysis of the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S., in particular from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, D.C.

Question 48

township

Answer 48

36 sq miles

Question 49

section

Answer 49

1 sq mile

Question 50

quarter section

Answer 50

0.25 sq mile

Question 51

Sunnyside Gardens

Answer 51

considered one of the world’s most successful planned communities based on the principles of the then-newly formed Regional Plan Association of America (RPAA) in 1923. The organization was strongly influenced by Ebenezer Howard’s garden cities movement in England, which called for planned, self-sustaining communities surrounded by greenbelts with areas for residences, industry, and architecture. Faced with the national housing crisis of the mid-1920s, the RPAA looked towards Howard’s utopian model as a way in which to provide quality housing for low-income workers in a landscaped town-like setting.

Question 52

FAR

Answer 52

The Federal Acquisition Regulation is the principal set of rules regarding Government procurement in the United States, and is codified at Chapter 1 of Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations, 48 CFR 1. It covers many of the contracts issued by the US military and NASA, as well as US civilian federal agencies.

Question 53

FCC v. Florida Power Group

Answer 53

This case involves an appeal by Florida Power Corporation (hereinafter “Florida Power”) from an Order issued by the Federal Communications Commission (hereinafter “FCC” or “Commission”) authorizing certain cable television companies to maintain cable equipment on Florida Power’s utility poles at a rate significantly less than that specified in prior contracts between the parties. This Order was issued pursuant to the Pole Attachments Act, 47 U.S.C. § 224 (West Supp. 1985).

We conclude that the Order, which mandates a rental rate of less than one-third the agreed upon rates and which in reality precludes Florida Power from excluding the cable companies under any circumstances, amounts to a taking of private property for which just compensation is due under the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment. While the FCC’s Order did impose a rate which was arguably “just” under the rule prescribed by Congress in the Act, that determination is insufficient for purposes of the Fifth Amendment. Once there has been a taking, the determination of just compensation is a judicial, and not an administrative function. Because the Act does not properly allow for a judicial determination of just compensation, it is in our opinion, unconstitutional. Accordingly, the FCC’s Order is hereby vacated.

Question 54

Homer Hoyt

Answer 54

Homer Hoyt was an American economist known for his pioneering work in land use planning, zoning, and real estate economics. He conducted notable research on land economics and developed an influential approach to the analysis of neighborhoods and housing markets. His sector model of land use was influential in urban planning for several decades. His legacy is controversial today, due to his prominent role in the development and justification of racially segregated housing policy and redlining in American cities

Question 55

TDR

Answer 55

Transferable development rights. Transferable development rights (TDR) is a method by which developers can purchase the development rights of certain parcels within a designated “sending district” and transfer the rights to another “receiving district” to increase the density of their new development. The underlying legal concept of a transfer of development rights program is the notion that all land has a bundle of property rights.[1] It is used for controlling land use to complement land-use planning and zoning for more effective urban growth management and land conservation.

Question 56

Census block

Answer 56

A census block is the smallest geographic unit used by the United States Census Bureau for tabulation of 100-percent data. Blocks can be bounded by visible features—such as streets—or by invisible boundaries, such as city limits. Census blocks are often the same as ordinary city blocks. Census blocks change every decade. Census blocks are grouped into block groups, which are grouped into census tracts.

Question 57

Census tract

Answer 57

A census tract, census area, census district or meshblock is a geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census. Sometimes these coincide with the limits of cities, towns or other administrative areas and several tracts commonly exist within a county.

Question 58

Census region

Answer 58

West, midwest, south, northeast

Question 59

Dolan v. City of Tigard

Answer 59

When a government authority attaches a condition to a building permit, the burden on the property owner must be roughly proportionate to the benefit for the government. U.S. Supreme Court decided that municipal land use commissions cannot require developers to dedicate part of their property as a condition of obtaining a permit unless the municipality makes “some sort of individualized determination that the required dedication is related both in nature and extent to the impact of the proposed development.” The Court held that the Fifth Amendment requires that dedication of land as a development permit condition must be roughly proportional to the need created by the development. The Court also ruled that the city had the burden of proving that the dedication was justified, a reversal of the usual deference given to the constitutionality of government land use regulations. In a five-to-four decision the court found that permit conditions requiring Dolan to dedicate a greenway easement on the portion of her property within the 100 year floodplain, and to dedicate an adjacent 15 foot strip for a foot path and bikeway did not pass constitutional muster. 1994

Question 60

VMT

Answer 60

Vehicle miles travelled. Vehicle miles of travel (VMT) is a measure of all the miles driven within a specified area and timeframe. Most traffic counts are reported in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT) and represent an estimate of the number of vehicles traveling along a given point on a highway on an average day in the year. VMT estimates, while based on AADT estimates, include the distance traveled element and thus provide a measure of highway vehicle travel usage over a geographic area, such as a county, state, or highway system. VMT captures aggregate trends on a broad range of corridors.

Question 61

Lease-purchase

Answer 61

A lease purchase agreement—also known as a rent-to-own or lease-to-own agreement—lets someone rent a property for a specified period of time with the promise to purchase it at the end of the lease term. The owner is contractually obligated to sell the property to the renter when the end of the term hits.

Question 62

Nectow v. City of Cambridge

Answer 62

The Plaintiff sued for a mandatory injunction directing the city to pass Plaintiff’s application for a permit to erect any lawful buildings upon a tract of land without regard to the inclusion of the tract of land in a zoning ordinance, which zoned the land residential. The Court found that the determination of public officers should not be set aside unless it is clear that their action has no foundation in reason and is a mere arbitrary or irrational exercise of power having no substantial relation to the public health, the public morals, the public safety or the public welfare.
The Court found that the zoning ordinance in question made no reasonable sense in placing the Plaintiff’s land in a residential district.
The governmental power to interfere by zoning regulations with the general rights of the landowner by restricting the character of his use, is not unlimited, and such restrictions cannot be imposed if it does not bear a substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals or welfare.
The Court found that the finding of the master was dispositive. The master held a hearing and inspected the site and found that the public health, safety, convenience and welfare was not affected by the zoning ordinance. 1928

Question 63

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon

Answer 63

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that whether a regulatory act constitutes a taking requiring compensation depends on the extent of diminution in the value of the property. The decision thereby started the doctrine of regulatory taking. 1878

Pennsylvania Coal Co. entered an agreement with H.J. Mahon in 1878 to gain full rights to mine the coal located beneath his surface-level property. However in 1921 the state of Pennsylvania passed the Kohler Act, which prohibited miners from extracting below-surface coal that supported surface-level buildings. When Pennsylvania Coal notified Mahon that it would mine coal beneath his property, Mahon filed suit in the Court of Common Pleas to prohibit mining in accordance with the Kohler Act. The court denied his suit but the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania reversed and allowed the ban on mining. Pennsylvania Coal contended that the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment protected its contractual rights to the coal.

Writing for an 8-1 Court, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes ruled that the Kohler Act violated the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment. He reasoned the state exceeded its police powers by significantly diminishing the value of the land estates without having a strong public interest reason to do so. The Court reasoned that “so far as private persons or communities have seen fit to take the risk of acquiring only surface rights, we cannot see that the fact that their risk has become a danger warrants the giving to them greater rights than they bought.”

Question 64

Hadacheck v. Sebastian

Answer 64

A city can prohibit a certain type of manufacture within a certain area without leading to an unconstitutional taking of property under the Fifth Amendment. 1915

Question 65

Saul Alinsky

Answer 65

Saul David Alinsky was an American community activist and political theorist. His work through the Chicago-based Industrial Areas Foundation helping poor communities organize to press demands upon landlords, politicians, bankers and business leaders won him national recognition and notoriety.

Question 66

TJ Kent

Answer 66

Mr. Kent served San Francisco as its second city planning director under Mayor Roger Lapham and later as deputy mayor for development under then-Mayor John F. Shelley. As planning director, Mr. Kent is credited with having written San Francisco’s first genuine master plan, a term he revised to “general plan,” and its second zoning ordinance, replacing a vague one that dated back to 1921.

In Berkeley during the 1950s, Mr. Kent was twice elected to the City Council, where he used his powers to integrate city planning into governmental activities.

Question 67

Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass’n v. DeBenedictis

Answer 67

Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass’n v. DeBenedictis, 480 U.S. 470, is a United States Supreme Court case interpreting the Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause. In this case, the court upheld a Pennsylvania statute which limited coal mining causing damage to buildings, dwellings, and cemeteries through subsidence. 1987

Question 68

Fed Property Administration Act 1949

Answer 68

An Act to simplify the procurement, utilization, and disposal of Government property, to reorganize certain agencies of the Government, and for other purposes.

Question 69

Catherine Bauer Wurster

Answer 69

Catherine Krouse Bauer Wurster was an American public housing advocate and educator of city planners and urban planners. A leading member of the “housers,” a group of planners who advocated affordable housing for low-income families, she dramatically changed social housing practice and law in the United States. Wurster’s influential book Modern Housing was published by Houghton Mifflin Company in 1934 and is regarded as a classic in the field.

Question 70

Land Ordinance of 1785

Answer 70

adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation on May 20, 1785. It set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. Congress at the time did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation, so land sales provided an important revenue stream. The Ordinance set up a survey system that eventually covered over three-quarters of the area of the continental United States. The Land Ordinance established the basis for the Public Land Survey System. The 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the Homestead Act of 1862.

Question 71

Delphi Method

Answer 71

Delphi is based on the principle that forecasts (or decisions) from a structured group of individuals are more accurate than those from unstructured groups.[9] The experts answer questionnaires in two or more rounds. After each round, a facilitator or change agent[10] provides an anonymised summary of the experts’ forecasts from the previous round as well as the reasons they provided for their judgments. Thus, experts are encouraged to revise their earlier answers in light of the replies of other members of their panel. It is believed that during this process the range of the answers will decrease and the group will converge towards the “correct” answer. Finally, the process is stopped after a predefined stopping criterion (e.g., number of rounds, achievement of consensus, stability of results), and the mean or median scores of the final rounds determine the results.[11]

Question 72

Standard City Planning Enabling Act

Answer 72

In March 1927, a preliminary edition of the second model, A Standard City Planning Enabling Act (SCPEA), was released, and a final version was published in 1928. The SCPEA covered six subjects:

the organization and power of the planning commission, which was directed to prepare and adopt a “master plan”
the content of the master plan for the physical development of the territory
provision for adoption of a master street plan by the governing body
provision for approval of all public improvements by the planning commission
control of private subdivision of land
provision for the establishment of a regional planning commission and a regional plan

Question 73

Performance Zoning

Answer 73

In contrast to traditional zoning, performance zoning allows
different uses to co-locate within a zone as long as the
development achieves specified performance criteria and
planning goals. In lieu of regulating land uses, performance
zoning establishes neighborhood compatibility,
transportation, open space and other standards that
developments must meet. Developments are rated on their
performance, and those that score sufficient points in the
appropriate categories are approved.