FF1 Flashcards
Facts of a Ventilation limited fire
-May look small but has potential to grow
-Room may be filled with gas/vapor fuel
What are the 4 stages of fire development
-Incipient
-Growth
-Fully Developed
-Decay
What is a smoke explosion
Thick smoke with large amounts of hydrocarbons igniting in an explosion.
What is Black Fire
High volume, high velocity, ultra dense black smoke. Up to 1000 degrees f and can damage steel and concrete.
3 main gasses in oxygen
Oxygen 21%
Nitrogen 78%
Argon 1%
Define Ignition Temperature
Min. temp at which fuel when heated will ignite in the presence of air.
Define Flash Point
Min. temp at which a liquid produces a flammable vapor. This is not a sustainable fire. Just a flash.
Fire Point
Min. temp at which a liquid produces enough vapor to sustain a continuous fire. Comes just after the flash point.
What is in the Fire Tetrahedron
Fire tetrahedron
What is Conduction
-Process of transferring heat to and through one solid to another
What is convection
The transfer of heat by the flow of gases or fluid from hotter areas to cooler areas
Describe Backdraft conditions
-Super-heated gas that is oxygen deficient. Getting an infusion of oxygen and igniting all the vapor fuel in the room.
-Signs are smoke stained windows, turbulent smoke, thick yellow smoke, a breathing fire.
What is Oxidation
When oxygen combines with other substances to create new compounds
What is Pyrolysis
Thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures.
Is Carbon Monoxide dangerous?
Yes, it replaces oxygen in the blood stream by binding to hemoglobin molecules at a rate 200x more than O2.
What does Hydrogen Cyanide come from?
Comes from plastic and foam products
-interferes with cellular reproduction
What are symptoms of Phosgene exposure?
Low levels- itchy eyes, sore throat and burning cough.
High levels- Pulmonary edema ( fluid retention in the lungs)
What can Carbon Dioxide exposure cause?
Can replace O2 in the are and cause hypoxia
-Non-toxic
Give an example of heat flux.
If a sofa is burning and heat is moving up to the ceiling. Heat flux will indicate how much heat is being transferred to the ceiling.
Describe Flow Path
Where heat, smoke and air flow from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.
Describe conditions of Flashover
All exposed surfaces will heat to about 1000 degrees. At this point all surfaces in the room can ignite.
What is Rollover
Spontaneous ignition of hot gases in the upper level of a room. Flashover is imminent at this point.
What is Thermal Layering
When the air at the top of the room is hotter than the air near the floor.
What is Class A fire
Ordinary solid materials
What is a Class B fire
This is a liquid fire
What is a Class C fire?
This is an energized electrical fire.
What is a Class D fire?
This is a combustible metals fire.
What is a Class K fire?
This is Oils and Fats fire. Kitchen fire
What is Spalling
As concrete heats up the moister inside expands turning to steam. This leads to cracking and sections breaking off.
Why are mineral salts impregnated into wood?
It helps make the wood resistant to fire.
Disadvantage of engineered wood
-Prone to warping
-Contains toxic products
-It burns quickly
What is Balloon frame construction
-The wood studs in the wall run from the floor to the roof on the second floor.
-This causes fire to spread more rapidly between floors.
-This is a feature of older homes 1800-Mid 1900s
What is platform- frame construction?
The wall studs are not continuous from floor to floor. They are broken up by the floor running the entire width of the level.
-More modern construction.
What is hybrid building construction??
This is a building that has features of multiple types of construction.
-Usually due to renovations
What are the 3 types of truss?
Parallel Chord truss
Pitch Chord truss
Bowstring truss
Examples of Extra Hazard buildings
Wood shops
Auto repair shops
Type 1 Stored-Pressure Water-Type Fire Extinguishers
-Standard water extinguisher
Type 2 Water Mist Fire Extinguishers (white and blue)
-Safe to use on Class A and C fires (2A:C)
-Operator must be within 5-12 feet (2-4 m)
-Should be used where regular extinguishers may cause excessive damage
Type 3 Loaded-Stream Fire Extinguishers
-Can be used in areas that are subject to freezing
-These extinguishers combine an alkaline metal, salt and water.
-The most common model is the 2.5-gal (9-L) unit, identical to stored-pressure extinguisher
Type 4 Wetting-Agent and Class A Foam Water-Type Extinguishers
-Wetting-agent extinguishers expel water that contains a solution to reduce surface tension.
-Allows water to spread over the fire and penetrate more efficiently into Class A fuels
-Do not expose these to temperatures below 40ºF (4ºC).
Type 5 Pump Tank Fire Extinguishers
-Range from 1-A rated, 1.5-gal (6-L) to 4-A rated, 5-gal (19-L) units.
-The water in these units is not stored under pressure.
Type 6 Backpack Fire Extinguishers
Used in wild land firefighting
Type 7 Dry Chemical Extinguishers
-Deliver a stream of very finely ground particles onto a fire.
-First, the finer particles of the chemical vaporize when they reach the flame and release a vapor that interrupts flame chemistry.
-Particles shield the fuel surface from the flame radiation, thereby reducing the rate at which the burning fuel is being vaporized.
-Rated for Class B and C fires only with the exception of Ammonium phosphate. This is used on Class A,B,C fires.
Type 8 Multipurpose Dry-Chemical Extinguishers
Special dry chemical that can be used on all EXCEPT class K
Type 9 Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
-Colorless, odorless, and nontoxic
-Envelopes fuel in a cloud of inert gas
-Also cools the burning material
-Disrupts the fuel’s ability to vaporize
-Both an expelling agent and an extinguishing agent
-Rated for Class B and C fires
-Does not conduct electricity
-Is not corrosive
-Does not leave any residue
Type 10 Class B Foam Extinguishers
-Instead of plain water, they discharge a solution of water and either AFFF or FFFP foam.
Type 11 Wet Chemical Extinguishers
-Used on Class K fires
-The wet agents convert the fatty acids in cooking oils or fats to a soap
Type 12 Halogenated-Agent Fire Extinguishers
Called “clean agents” because they leave no residue and are ideally suited for areas that contain computers or sensitive equipment
Type 13 Dry-Powder Extinguishers and Extinguishing Agents
-For Class D fires involving combustible metals
-Usually carried on specialty apparatus, such as hazardous materials units
2 popular door opening hand tools
K-Tool: used in through the lock method.
Shove Knife: used to open outward swinging doors.
Types of handsaws
Hacksaw
Carpenters handsaw
Coping saw
Keyhole saw
How often do extinguishers need hydro static testing?
Every 5 OR 12 years, depending on the vessel and construction type.
Halligan tool parts
ADZ
PICK
FORK
What is the MIN pressure a hydrant should be at?
Hydrant pressure should be 20PSI.
What is a Dry-Barrel hydrant?
This is frost proof hydrant that has a valve below ground level.
What is the Residual pressure in a line?
-Pressure remaining in system when water is flowing
-Decreases as more water flows
What is Dry Hydrant??
This is used in a static water source. Also called a drafting hydrant.
What is the most common attack hose and its flow rate?
1-3/4 at a rate of 120-180 GPM
What is a booster hoses diameter and flow rate?
1” in diameter and flows 40-50 gpm.
Not for structural or vehicle fires
What qualifies as a LDH
Any hose 3” and larger
What is the flow rate of a 2-1/2” line?
Hose with flow rate of 250 GPM
What is a Higbee indicator?
The notch on hose couplings that indicates thread position?
What is a Storz-type connection?
A connection used for LDH that has no threads.
What is this called?
Gated Wye connector
What is this called?
Water Thief
What is this called?
A Siamese connection
What are these?
These are adaptors
What is this?
A reducer.
What is a hose clamp used for?
-This is used to clamp a line to stop the flow of water.
-Used when adding hose or making changed to a charged hose-line.
What does a Clapper mechanism do?
This prevents water from running backwards in the line.
Name the 2 types of rope.
Life Safety Rope
-Technical Use is 3/8” to less than 1/2”. Has 4496lb breaking strength.
-General Life Safety is common in the fire service. 7/16”-5/8”
Utility Rope- for general hoisting applications. Not for humans.
Fact about Kernmantle Rope
-name 2 parts of rope
-name 2 types
-Kern is the center section
-Mantle is the sheath
-Block Creel construction
-Dynamic rope has elasticity
-Static rope has less elasticity
Name the 3 parts of a rope when tying knots.
Working end- used to form knots
Running end- used to hoist
Standing part- part between working and running.
Name these 3 turns.
Bite
Loop
Round Turn
What are Hitches used for? Half and Clove
Half hitch
-Used only in conjunction with other knots.
-Long objects may need several half hitches.
Clove hitch
-Used to attach rope to a round object
-Can be tied anywhere in a rope
-Will hold if tension is applied
-2 methods: in the open and around an object
What are Loop Knots used for?
Figure-eight knot
-Used to produce a family of other knots
-Seldom used alone
Figure-eight on a bight
-Secures loop at the working end
-Can be used to attach rope to fixed object or a piece of equipment
What are Loop knots used for? 2nd card
Figure-eight follow-through
-Useful for attaching a rope to a fixed ring or a solid object with an “eye”
Figure-eight bend
-Used to join two ropes together
Bowline
-Can also be used for form a loop
-Used to secure a rope to an object or anchor point or hoist equipment
4 Types of rope used in the fire service.
Life safety
Escape
Throwline
Utility
3 types of wood doors
Ledge Doors
-Wood doors with horizontal bracing
-Found on warehouses, sheds, and barns
Panel Doors
-Solid-wood doors made from solid planks to form a rigid frame with solid-wood panels set into the frame
-Resist fire longer than hollow-core slab doors and are easier to breach than solid-core slab doors
What is a Double-Hung window?
2 sliding panes
What is a Single Hung window?
1 sliding pane
What is a Jalousie Window?
Adjustable, overlapping sections of tempered glass
-Operated by hand crank
-Difficult to force
-Avoid if possible
What kind of window is this?
Awning window
-generally uses a hand crank to open.
What kind of window is this?
Casement window
What does a Projected window look like?
Hinges at the top.
What to look out for when breaching an exterior wall.
-Often load-bearing
-Breaking through can be very difficult.
-Best tools are battering ram, sledgehammer, rotary saw
What to look or when breaching Interior Walls.
-Breaching an interior wall can be dangerous.
-Many walls contain electrical wiring, plumbing, cable wires, and telephone wires.
-May also be load-bearing; extreme caution should be taken if any studs are removed.
What to look for when breaching Floors.
-Most floors are wood or poured concrete.
-Both can be difficult to breach.
-Important information can observed from below.
-This is truly a last resort.
-Use a rotary saw with appropriate blade.
-Chainsaw might be a better choice for a wood floor.
Name 4 parts of a ladder.
Tip
Rungs
Beams
Butt
Butt Spurs
What does a “trussed beam” ladders rails look like?
The beams are made up of 2 parallel rails matted with a truss block.
Usually used for longer extension ladders.
What do Tie Rods do on the ladders that have them?
Tie rods
-A metal bar that runs from one beam of the ladder to the other to keep the beams from separating
-Typically found in wood ladders
Name 4 extension ladder parts.
Fly Section
Pulley
Guides
Pawls
Bed Section
Butt or Heel
What makes a Bangor ladder special?
Staypoles used
Used when extending 40 plus feet
What is special about a Folding ladder?
-Also called an attic ladder
-Narrow, collapsing ladder
-Two beams fold in for enhanced portability
-Commonly available in to14-ft (2.4-4.3 m) lengths
What kind of ladder is this?
Fresno Ladder
-Narrow, two-section ladder
-Can be used in tight spaces
-Commonly available in 10 to 14 ft (3.0–4.3 m) lengths
When setting up a ladder use the 1/4 height rule.
Should be spaced out 1/4 of the height away from the building.
What types of ladders should an Aerial Apparatus have?
Ground ladders totaling 115’
Containing
-1 folding
-2 straight
-2 extension
What types of ladders do a Engine/pumper have?
1 Folding
1 straight with Roof Hooks
1 Extension
What type of ladders should a quick attack apparatus have?
1 combination or extension ladder 12’ or longer
What kind of ladders should a QUINT have?
Ground ladders totaling longer than 85’
-1 folding
-1 straight with hooks
-1 extension
Max weight limit and height above roof line for ladders.
Usually 750 lbs
5 ladder rungs above roof line
2 way to raise a ladder.
Beam raise
Flat raise
Window access should look like this.
Window access
Ladder tip should be at the side of and even with the top of a window.
Window rescue ladder placement.
Window rescues
Ladder tip should be at the windowsill.
Carrying a ladder with 1 FF should meet these req.
Most straight and roof ladders less than 18 ‘
-Straight ladder moves butt first
-Rood ladder moves tip first
How should you carry a extension ladder up to 35’
Shoulder carry with 2FF
How should you carry heavy ladders longer than 35’
At least 3FF
Whats is a Transitional attack?
-Offensive attack initiated by quick, indirect, exterior attack into the fire compartment.
-Goal to cool fire room so you can move to an interior fire attack.
Questions to ask when doing a Search and Rescue size up.
-Occupancy information
-Occupancy type
-building size, construction and arrangement
-Visible smoke and fire conditions
-Time of day and week
Where do you start a primary search?
On the fire floor then working your way up. Anything below the fire is usually last to search.
4 types of Search are?
-Standard 2FF search
-Oriented Search 3FF (has search officer)
-Oriented-Vent-Enter-Isolate-search (O-VEIS)
-Team Search method (rope search)
Important vertical ventilation points.
-Openings should be made as close to seat of fire as possible.
-Signs of hottest point
-Smoke from roof area
-Melted asphalt shingles
-Steam coming from roof
-Must be a horizontal intake vent to admit air
-Horizontal vents on floor above fire can vertically vent the fire.
Positive pressure ventilation, what is it??
Forcing fresh air into a building to move smoke out of a ventilation opening.
What type of roof cut is this
Louvered vent
What kind of ventilation cut is this?
Trench Cut
What is a Kerf cut?
This is a small triangular cut used to locate fire.
What is used in horizontal ventilation?
Doors
Windows
Opening walls
What is Vertical fire extension?
Fire moving up to the next floor through a open window.
-Also called Auto-Exposure
Type 1 construction (Fire-Resistive)
-Built to be fire restrictive.
-All building components are non combustible
-Has spaces divided into compartments to help control fire.
-Usually multi story buildings
Type 2 construction (non-combustible)
-Similar to Type 1 in that it is built with non-combustible material.
-Mostly large single story warehouses where vertical fire extension is not a threat.
Type 3 construction (Ordinary)
Must have Masonry exterior.
-exterior walls have limited combustibility
-Interior walls are usually made of wood
-Easily vented since it has windows and wood decking on roof
Type 4 construction ( Heavy Timber)
-Exterior is masonry and thick to support the building
-Interior is all wood
-Open floor plan and has no hidden spaces
*unless converted and renovated
Type 5 construction (Wood Frame)
-Similar to Type 3 but does not need masonry exterior
-Older type 5 had balloon frame construction
-Modern type 5 have platform frame
What is this?
Gusset plate
What is a Parapet wall?
It is an extension of the wall above the roof line.
Primary vent cut VS Secondary vent cut
Primary is in the roof to vent smoke and heat
Secondary is usually horizontal ventilation
Hydrants C,B,A,AA GPM ratings @ 20PSI
C-less than 500gpm RED
B-500 to 999gpm ORANGE
A- 1000 to 1499 GREEN
AA-1500gpm + LIGHT BLUE
What is a 4 way hydrant valve used for?
Used in cases where
Long supply lines are needed
-Flow pressure from the hydrant is not adequate
-A supply engine is placed at the fire hydrant to provide additional pressure in the supply line.
-Water flows initially from the hydrant through the valve to the supply line, which delivers the water to the attack engine.
-A second engine can hook up to the valve and redirect the flow by changing the valve position.-
-The supply engine boosts the flow of water to the attack engine without uncoupling any lines or interrupting the flow.
What is a reverse hose lay?
-The hose is laid out from the fire to the hydrant, opposite to the flow of the water.
-Used where sufficient hydrants are available and additional companies will arrive quickly
What is a Split hose lay?
Performed by two engine companies in situations where hose must be laid in two different directions to establish a water supply.
Name these three hose loads.
Flat load
Horseshoe load
Accordion load
What is the average diameter and length of an attack line?
The most commonly used attack lines are 1¾-in.Hose is generally from 150 to 250 ft (46-76m) in length.
Many engines are also equipped with a preconnected 2½-in.
What load is this?
-Allows a single fire fighter to drop one fold of hose during advance to the fire
-Avoid maneuvering around obstacles and prevents sharp kinks
-Reduces the chances of a fire fighter taking too much hose
What lay is this and is it a pre-connect?
This is a Pre-Connect Flat load
What is this load?
This is a Triple Layer hose load
-Suited for fires in single-family dwellings
-Hose is folded back onto itself to reduce the overall length.
-One person can clear the hose bed and deploy.
Where do you connect an attack line to a standpipe in a multistory building?
Standard operating procedures (SOPs) generally require attack lines to be connected to an outlet one floor below the fire.
Characteristics of a straight stream.
Has greater reach than fog stream
Keeps water concentrated in a small area
Created by the narrowest setting on a fog nozzle
Consists of highly concentrated droplets
Characteristics of a wider fog pattern.
-Divides water into droplets with large surface area
-Absorbs heat very efficiently
-Can lower heat levels very quickly
-Usually adjustable from straight stream to narrow fog to a wide fog
Points to remember when using a fog nozzle.
-Air is moved along with the water.
-Fog streams move large amounts of air.
-Thermal balance may be disrupted, pushing hot fire gases onto fire fighters.
-Straight and solid streams move little air in comparison with a fog stream.
-Fewer concerns with displacement and disruption of thermal balance.
When do you use a Indirect fire attack?
-Used when area is ready to flash over
-Can be accomplished from safer location (e.g., doorway or hallway) to reduce thermal exposure
-Water aimed at ceiling
-Uses straight or solid stream, flowing between 120 to 180 gpm, to cool everything quickly
-Does not generate significant amounts of steam
What is a Rabbit tool used for?
Its a hydraulic spreading tool used to force open doors.
OSHA regulations require that when fire fighters are inside a structure fire, at least ?? trained and equipped fire fighters must be standing outside.
2
When referring to ladders, the term tie rod is used to describe a metal rod running from
One beam to another
A fire fighter who is climbing a ladder and carrying a tool in one hand, should
Slide the free hand up the underside of the beam while making the climb.
The common length of the straight ground ladder is usually between —–and—- feet
12-14
In the fire service, the basic definition of the word “rescue” is:
removing a victim from a hazardous situation to safety
What is the main characteristic of a primary search?
It is rapid and systematic
When conducting a primary search within a structure, a fire fighter should begin:
On a wall
Immobilizing a victim who is suspectedd of having a spinal injury on a long backboard requires___ rescuers? (number)
4
When advancing a DRY hose line up a ladder, fire fighters should position themselves on the ladder:
with no more than one fire fighter per section
This is used to seal small cuts or breaks that may occur in fire hose or to connect mismatched or damaged couplings of the same size t o stop leaking.
Hose jacket
Why should a master stream device never be directed into a building where fire fighters are operating inside?
This puts a large amount of water in the building and can cause collapse.
Which stage of fire releases the maximum amount of heat for the available fuel and produces large volumes of fire gases?
-ignition
-fully developed
-growth
-decay
Growth
The term vapor density refers to the weight of a gas as compared to the weight of___.
Air
Common type of construction in mill construction.
Heavy timber
Ideally, when should fire investigators begin their work at a fire scene?
Before overhaul starts
If large amounts of water need to e removed from areas lacking floor drains, fire fighters may ____ to remove water quickly.
remove toilets and use the sewer system as a drain
Sprinkler heads rated for the Ultra Hight temperature classification are color coded____.
Orange
On a dry-barrel hydrant, the valve that controlls water flow to all outlets i located ______ of the hydrant.
-at the top
-on the side
-at the base
-by each outlet
at the base
A dry chemical extinguisher rated 60-B is capable of extinguishing a ____ flammable liquid pan fire.
-40 ftsq
-60 ftsq
-120 ftsq
150 ftsq
60 ftsq
Extinguishing agents safe for use on fires in or near energized electrical equipment include.
carbon dioxide and dry chemical
A green triangle containing a letter would indicate an extinguisher to be used on ____ fires.
Class?
Class A
Extinguishers suitable for Class C fires can be identified by a ____ containing the letter C.
Blue Circle
Extinguishers suitable for Class D fires can be identified by a ___ containing the letter D
Yellow Star
Fires involving combustible metals are ____ fires? Class?
Class D
Regular dry chemicals ( sodium bicarbonate-based and potassium-based) work on ____ fires.
Classes B and C
The acronym for the four step process for the proper use of a fire extinguisher.
PASS
What is the term for water-soluble flammable liquids such as alcohols, acetone and others?
Polar solvents
Composite SCBA cylinders must be hydro-statically tested every ______ years
3 years
Steel and aluminum cylinders must be hydrostatically tested every ___ years.
5 years
When loading a fire hose, the _______ serves to change the direction of the hose and can also change the location of the coupling.
Dutchman
Which is NOT a common load for preconnected attack lines.
-flat load
-triple layer load
-straight load
-minuteman load
straight load
Life safety, incident stabilization and ______ are the three most important organizational duties for fire departments to pursue.
Property conservation
In the ICS, the functional area responsible for providing facilities, services and materials necessary to support an incident is_____.
LOGISTICS
