Fever & Rash - Internal Medicine Flashcards
What type of rash starts in the center of the body and consists of macules and papules?
Centrally distributed maculopapular rash – It starts in the center of the body (trunk) and consists of both macules (flat spots) and papules (raised bumps).
Which rash begins on the extremities and spreads inward?
Peripheral rash – It begins on the extremities (arms, legs) and may spread inward
What type of rash is characterized by redness, peeling skin, and merging lesions?
Confluent desquamative erythematous rash – It involves redness, peeling skin, and merging (confluent) lesions into large red patches.
Which rash includes vesicles and bullae that may burst and leave scabs or sores?
Vesiculobullous rash – It contains vesicles (small fluid-filled blisters) and bullae (larger blisters) that may burst, leaving scabs or sores
What rash resembles hives, presenting as raised, itchy bumps that can form rings or welts?
Urticaria-like rash – It looks like hives, with raised, itchy bumps that can form rings or welts.
What type of rash consists of solid, raised nodules that extend deeper under the skin?
Nodular rash – It presents as larger, solid, raised nodules that are deeper under the skin.
Which rash presents as purple or red spots due to bleeding under the skin, either flat or raised?
Purpuric rash – It consists of purple or red spots due to bleeding under the skin, appearing as either flat (petechiae) or raised (palpable purpura).
What type of rash leads to open sores or ulcers in the skin?
Ulcerated rash – It leads to open sores or ulcers in the skin, often deep enough to affect underlying layers.
Which rash is characterized by dead tissue forming black crusts (eschars) over the affected area?
Rash with eschars – It forms dead tissue that creates black crusts (eschars) over the affected area.
Where does the measles rash first appear, and how does it spread?
The measles rash starts at the hairline and spreads downward across the body, usually sparing the palms and soles.
How long after the onset of symptoms does the measles rash typically appear?
The measles rash appears 2–3 days after the first symptoms of illness.
What are Koplik’s spots, and where are they found?
Koplik’s spots are small white or bluish spots with a red border found inside the mouth, especially on the inner cheek (buccal mucosa).
Why are Koplik’s spots considered pathognomonic for measles?
They are pathognomonic, meaning their presence confirms measles.
How do Koplik’s spots differ from Fordyce’s spots?
Fordyce’s spots are harmless, yellowish bumps without a red border, found in healthy people.
How does the rubella rash differ from the measles rash in terms of its progression?
The rubella rash starts at the hairline and spreads downward but clears from previously affected areas as it moves. It may also be itchy.
What are Forchheimer spots, and in which conditions can they be found?
Forchheimer spots are small red or purple spots on the roof of the mouth (palate); they are nonspecific and can also appear in infectious mononucleosis, scarlet fever, and Zika virus.
What are common symptoms of rubella in adults?
Common symptoms in adults include swollen lymph nodes behind the ears (postauricular) and at the back of the neck (suboccipital), along with arthritis (joint pain).
Why is rubella particularly dangerous during pregnancy?
Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects in unborn babies, so pregnant women should avoid exposure.
What other infections can cause fever and rash symptoms similar to measles and rubella?
Infections such as enteroviruses (echoviruses, coxsackieviruses), infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), and primary HIV infection can cause fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes.
What virus causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)?
Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) is caused by human parvovirus B19.
What age group is primarily affected by fifth disease?
Fifth disease primarily affects children aged 3–12 years.
When does the rash of fifth disease appear in relation to fever?
The rash appears after the fever has resolved.
What is the characteristic appearance of the initial rash in fifth disease?
The initial rash appears as a bright red rash on the cheeks, often called a “slapped cheek” appearance.
What is perioral pallor, and how is it related to fifth disease?
Perioral pallor refers to the paleness around the mouth, often seen with the “slapped cheek” rash of fifth disease
How does the rash progress after appearing on the cheeks in fifth disease?
A more diffuse rash appears on the trunk and extremities the day after the cheek rash.
What is the distinctive pattern that the rash of fifth disease develops over time?
Over time, the rash develops a lacy or reticular (net-like) pattern on the skin.
How long can the rash of fifth disease wax and wane?
The rash can wax and wane for up to 3 weeks.
What external factors can make the rash of fifth disease more noticeable?
Changes in temperature can make the rash more noticeable.
What symptoms may adults experience if they contract fifth disease?
Adults may experience arthritis, leading to joint pain or swelling.
What serious fetal condition can result if a pregnant woman contracts fifth disease?
Infection during pregnancy can cause fetal hydrops, a serious condition involving abnormal fluid buildup in the fetus.
What virus causes exanthem subitum (roseola)?
Roseola is caused by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and, less commonly, human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7).
What age group is most commonly affected by roseola?
Roseola is most common in children under 3 years old.
When does the rash of roseola typically appear in relation to fever?
The rash appears after the fever has gone down, following a high fever lasting several days.
What is the characteristic appearance of the roseola rash?
Small, rose-pink spots (macules and papules), about 2–3 mm in size.
Do the rash spots in roseola usually merge together (coalesce)?
No, the spots rarely coalesce (merge together).
Where on the body does the rash of roseola typically begin?
The rash typically starts on the trunk (torso) and may spread to the extremities.
Does the rash of roseola commonly affect the face?
Seldom; the rash rarely appears on the face.
How long does the rash of roseola usually last before fading?
The rash usually fades within 2 days and disappears quickly.
