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FETUS Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between gestational age and period after fertilisation
TROPHOBLAST DIVIDES INTO CYTO ROPHOBLAST AND syncitiotrophoblast 8days after fertilisation what is the gestational age of the fetus

A

Gestational age or fetal age or period of pregnancy are taken from 1st day of last menstrual period & period after fertilisation is from 14th day of the cycle when fertilisation occurs
Gestational age =2 weeks + period after fertilisation
Ans for above
2weeks + 8days

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2
Q

Everything by default is taken to be gestational age xcept

A

Fetal growth periods

These are normally xpressed indays after fertilisation

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3
Q

Different growth period of a baby

A 
Fertilised ova ( zygote)
From day of fertilisation:-2weeks
Gestational age 4 weeks
Embryo
3to8weeks
5 to 10 weeks
Fetal
Morethan or = 9 weeks
11 weeks
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4
Q

Most teratogenic period

A

Embryonivc period

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5
Q

Total duration of pregnancy and division into trimester

A 
Total duration = 280days/40weeks/9month
                   \+
               7 days
Trimester accto williams
1st= 13weeks+ 6days
2nd = 14weeks till 27weeks + 6days
3rd = 28weeks till 40 weeks
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6
Q

Estimation of fetal age clinically ?

A

By fundal heigt

See image in marrow notes

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7
Q

What is lightening or welcome sign

A

Marrow notes

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8
Q

Usg estimation of fetal age what parameters are used?

A

Marrow notes

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9
Q

When is usg more accurate

A

Early in pregnancy

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10
Q

Edd should not be changed based on usgxcept in

A

Cases of ivf

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11
Q

Crown rump length is a measurement taken fromwhat to what
GESTATIONAL AGEIN WEEKS?
GEST AGE IN DAYS =?
BASED ON CRL

A

Marrow notes

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12
Q

Crown rump length increases at rate of

A

1 mm per day

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13
Q

Smallest CRL at which embryo is visible

A

4 to 5 mm

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14
Q

If CRL IS MORE THAN or =7 MM WITH NO CARDIAC ACTIVITY

A

Missed abortion

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15
Q

Suboptimally dated on usg

A

If a female has not got any usg done before 22 weeks of pregnancy

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16
Q

Biparietal diameter measured frm?

A

Outer table of one side to inner table of another side

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17
Q

Hasse rule?

A

Marrow notes

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18
Q

Assesment of weight of fetus

A

Clinically jhonsons formula
Usg= shepherd formula
Hadlock formula

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19
Q

Assesment of fetal growth on usg is done by?

A

Abdominal circumference it should be measured in a plane where portAl sinus umblical vein & stomach are visible

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20
Q

Macrosomia called when?

A

Abdominal circumferance=or more than 35cm

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21
Q

Femoral length divided by abdominal circumfernce is equal to
Normal
Ratio increased in?
Decresd in?

A

20 to 40 %
Inc = IUGR
DEC = SKELETAL DYSPLASIA

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22
Q

Fetal hematopoesis occurs at what site and type of hb produced

A

Marrow notes

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23
Q

Initially fetal rbcs are nucleated and macrocytic later size decreases but this does not happen in

A

Aneuploid fetuses

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24
Q

Diff btw detal & adult rbcs

A

Fetal rbcs are macrocytic and short life span ( 90) days

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25
Q

At the time of birth amnt and comp of hb of baby

A

16 to 18 g/ dl
75 to 80% hbf
20 to 25 % hba

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26
Q

By what age hbf will be less than 1 %

A

6 months

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27
Q

Hbf and hba diff

A

Marrow notes

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28
Q

Fetal gross movements seen at

A

7 weeks

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29
Q

Meconium production starts at

A

16 weeks or 4 months

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30
Q

Gonad formation which one formed first

A

7 weeks

Testis formed first

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31
Q

Internal genitilia formed by

A

10 weeks

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32
Q

External genitilia

100 % sex can be determined by.

A

Female 12 weeks
Male 14 weeks
14 weeks

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33
Q

Glucagon synthesis by

34
Q

Breathing movements

35
Q

Insulin production & hp axis

36
Q

Featl urine

37
Q

Igm production begins at

IGg transported to fetus at

A

20 weeks

16 weeks

38
Q

Surfactant production begins at?

Present in amniotic fluid by

A

20weeks

28weeks

39
Q

Uses of usg in pregnancy

A 
To confirm preg
Intrauerine preg / ectopic preg
To know twin preg
To detect congenital malformations
To asses growth of fetus and fetal age
40
Q

High freq usg bettr?

Low freq usg bettr?

A

Resolution

Penetration

41
Q

Advisable usg freq?

A

Early preg- 5 to 10 megahz
Late qst & 2nd trim 4 to 6 MHZ
3 RD TRIM 2 TO 5MHZ

42
Q

Alara principle?

A

Xpose preg female to usg as low as reasonably advised

43
Q

Routine usg _ mode?

44
Q

To see cardiac activity what mode.

45
Q

At what period following structures are seeen inTAS /TVS
GEST SAC
YOLK SAC
CARDIAC ACTIVITY

A

Marrow notes

46
Q

1st sign of preg on usg

47
Q

1st sign of intrauterine preg

48
Q

Diff btween intrauterine preg and ectopic preg

A

Marrow notes

49
Q

What is blighted ovum

A

Mean sac diametr > or= 25mm & no fetal tissue/ yolk sac / cardiac activity

50
Q

Types of usg in preg and what can they dtect

A

Marrow notes

51
Q

Best time to do Tiffa

A

16 to 20 weeks

52
Q

Annenceephaly on usg
Earliest time to be detected?
Best time to bedetected
Signs

A

Marrow notes

53
Q

Signs of spina bifida on usg

A

Marrow notes

54
Q

Best time for usg to localise placenta

55
Q

Most common presentation in anencephaly

56
Q

Anencephaly presents with?

A

Vault or skull absent
Hypoplastic adrenals- post dated preg
Polyhydramnios

57
Q

Which defect more common in females & which one in males.

A

Anencephaly - F

Respiratory distress & macrosomia - M

58
Q

Managment of anencephaly

59
Q

Folic acid supplementation benefits?

60
Q

Dosage of folic acid?

A

Marrow notes

61
Q

Ideal time for giving folic acid

62
Q

Tab provided by govt of india contains

RDA for FA in pregnant female

A

500mcg

500mcg

63
Q

Folic acid dosage in females with histry of NTD

64
Q 
Diag of anencephaly
Screening test?
Routinely done
Best done ?
Diagnostic test earlier? & now.
65
Q

Alpha feto protien ( AFP)
SYNTH BY?
Major source?

66
Q

At what times it is present in fetal serum? Amniotic fluid?

Maternal serum?

A

Highest at13 weeks
Highest at 13 weeks
Highest at 32 weeks

67
Q

T half of afp

A

5 to 7 days

68
Q

Increases afp seen in.?

Dec afp seen in?

69
Q 
Earlistime at which gestational sac can be identified on tvs fromLMP
A) 20 day
B)25day
C)30days
D)35days
70
Q 
Earliest time gestational sac can be identified on tvs from fertilisation
A) 20days
B)25days
C)30days
D)35days
71
Q 
Gestational sac can be visualised on usg
A)4weeks
B)5weeks
C)6weeks
D)7weeks
72
Q

Female 6 weeks preg came with spottingin usg mean sac diametr 20mm
What is nxt step?

A

I will wait for 1 week and then take mean sac diameter and if it is more than 25mm and still no fetal tissue appears then ieill call it blighted ovum

73
Q

what is another name of apt test?

A

singer alkali denaturation test

74
Q 
difference between apt test and kleuhar betke test under following headings?
purpose?
reagent?
type qualt or quant?
differentiates btw?
75
Q

signs of anencephaly on usg?

A

frog eye sign

mickey mouse sign

76
Q

signs of spina bifida can be detected in which trimester?

77
Q

is ventral wall defect normal in a fetus?

when is it pathological?

A

yes it is physiological upto 12 weeeks
it is pathological when it continuies beyond 12 weeks
or size of defect is more than or equal to 7mm

78
Q

what is the pathological ventral wall defect called?

how do u diff between two?

A

gastroschesis
omphalocele
omphalocele is covered by sac defect will have smooth contour on usg in gastroschisis defect will have irregular contour

79
Q

most sensitive biochemical marker for anencephaly or neural tube defct

A

acetylcholineesterase

80
Q

when is the screening test of maternal srum afp positive in single preg? in twin preg?

A

> or equal to 2.5 multiples of meridian insingle preg

>or equal to 3.5 multiples of meridian in twin preg

Obstetrics (3 decks)

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