Fetal Pig Dissection Flashcards
Learn the parts of a pig and do respectably on the midterm
lateral plane of the body
this would be a slice frontward-facing that would go right through both the eyes
auricle
the auricle is the skin of the ear
external acoustic meatus
the external acoustic meatus is a hole in the ear
eyelid
the eyelid is the part above the eye that would allow the pig to blink
nictitating membrane
the nictitating membrane I believe is the tearduct, or near it that’s like the gem in the eye of a pig
helps keep the eye clean.
external nostril
it’s the hole in the rostral plate; exactly what it sounds like it is
wrist
the wrist is the front part of the bending area of the leg
hoof of the 4th toe
the hoof of the fourth toe is nearer to the back of the hoof than the front.
elbow
the elbow looks to me almost like the shoulder on the pig
mammary papilla
basically the nipples on the pig
tongue
the tongue is the huge muscle on the mouth
umbilical cord
it’s the big alien-seeming straight piece of skin that’s almost confusible with some of the genitalia
umbilical arteries
looks like the TWO holes side-by-side if you’re looking downward into the umbilical
umbilical vein
the umbilical vein is the biggest cross-sectional piece within the cut that makes up the umbilical cord.
allantonic stalk
the allantonic stalk looks like the littlest beadlike hole within the cross-section of the umbilical vein
the knee
the knee, not to be confused with the elbow (back), again is almost located near where we’d describe a shoulder but is called the knee
ankle
the ankle is like where the heel would be if this pig were wearing stilettos
genital papillae
little papillae-like bumps near the anus
anus
the anus is where the pig would poop from and is exactly where you’d expect
mental gland
the hairs of the chinny chin chin
hoof of 2nd toe
the hoof of the 2nd toe is like the thumb of the pig
mammary papilla (female)
mammary papilla (male)
nipples present in both sexes
preputial orifice
male only. it’s a little hole underneath the umbilical cord
umbilical cord
both male and female
genital papilla
female only. papilla near the anus
vulva
not shown but it’s female only.
salivary glands
this is anything to do with the mouth, teeth area. It was shown to us on the official last day of dissection – we just didn’t do it ourselves
parotid gland
parotid gland is the one that isn’t the masseter or the mandibular gland. It looks like it’s a little closer to the ear though I’d clarify the difference between parotid and and mandibular
parotid duct
the parotid duct looks like a little string feeding into the tongue area and masseter; I believe it helps produce saliva
facial nerve(s)
facial nerves are sort of strings that go along the face; could think of it like the net that allows our face to move
masseter muscle
the masseter is the huge muscle in the mouth that allows the pig to chew
lymph node(s)
the lymph nodes are the little lumps located between the masseter muscle and the parotid gland area. Might want to double-check on if you can find a picture for this
mandibular gland
it’s sort of like the layer between the masseter and the glands behind it, not as bubbly/circular as the lymph node but it exists right around there
oral cavity
This is what we’d be looking into if the mouth were opened upwise
oral pharynx
oral pharynx looks to me like the “hinges” that allow the mouth to open or shut but I’m not a hundred percent
laryngeal pharynx
the section that’s not the oral cavity or the oral pharnyx; just beneath it. I don’t know how a pin would go but here’s an image. Maybe just start with the word “pharynx”
glottis
the glottis is a little “above” the epiglottis. I’d take a second now to look up the difference in function, then describe it in a funky way
external nostril
a hole on the outside of the rostral plate
hyoid bone
the hyoid bone is a part just under the chin slash mental gland, but above the part of the neck that you’d cut if you wanted to kill the pig. I don’t know what it does
incisive papilla
at the top of the hard palatte (the washboard), it’s like a little round indent. That’s the incisive papilla and remember the word papilla always kind of refers to the same protruding thing
fungiform papillae
these are the small little bumps on the tongue, the fungiform papillae
filiform papillae
these are further up toward the back of the throat on the tongue and are small bumps a bit like the fungiform but further up; take a look at pic
hard palate with rugae
the hard palate the washboard
-ridged roof of the mouth
soft palate
the soft palate is the part under the washboard that’s softer
-it is the fleshy portion of the roof of the mouth that lies caudal (tail) to the hard palate
entrance to nasal pharynx
entrance to nasal pharynx looks like a hole right between the ears that goes down into pharynx
entrance to esophagus
entrance to esophagus. it’s the entrance to the actual throat passage, a tiny bit underneath the ears
- also the “esophagal opening” or food tube
- can also be found in the so-caled nasopharynx
- located dorsal (back) to trachea
epiglottis
epiglottis. a tiny slimy skin flap at the back of the tongue that prevents from falling back there
Additional info:
- tear-shaped, flap-like structure at the top of the trachea [seen clearly in this image]
- the glottis is opening in the epiglottis but it’s hard to see in the pic
marginal papillae
marginal papillae are the sort of bigger papilla on the very edges of the tongue; hence “marginal”
larynx
The larynx is a bit under the “entrance to esophagus,” if I were you I’d ask what the difference is on that final day of review.. or look for pics right now. Here’s a pic of the textbook
vallate papillae
these are two side-by-side papillae on the back of the tongue
have you been doing a page and a half of this shit every single day??
yes or no; then once you’re done with that it’s just review. Keep track of how long it takes.
Sagittal section through head and neck
This would be a symmetrical slide right down the middle of the head and neck. Remember “Sagittal” is like if you cut down the middle of a saddle, for memorizational purposes we can spell it sattle
conchae
I think the conchae is like the inside of the nostril but I’m not a hundred percent on that
tongue
the tongue is the tongue. Always will be
nasal pharynx
Looks to me like the backhole right above the epiglottis. The nasal or nasopharynx
trachea
trachea is the part of the throat that’s like spine parts, so it starts getting into what’s-it-called oh yeah vertebrae
external nostril
the holes on the outside of the rostral plate
internal nostril
I suppose this is just this inside of the nostril but I’ll circle this and ask about it because there’s also the term “conchae”
**
esophagus
the esophagus is further back in the throat behind the laryngeal pharynx. be able to tell the difference between this and the laryngeal pharynx
the laryngeal pharynx
the laryngeal pharynx is sort of like the ball pit for food at the back of the throat; it’s above the esophagus, see the pic
entrance to auditory tube
** I would double-check on this if you have a chance right now, it looks to me like a little hole in the throat [?] that goes back into the ear maybe. I am not sure what it does
laryngeal cartilages
the laryngeal cartilages maybe are like the little regions of cartilage that line the larynx going down the throat **
epiglottis
epiglottis is the skin flap at the back of the throat that keeps food from choking you to death
soft palate
the soft palate is the part on the top of the mouth that’s not the hard palate; not the washboard
oral pharynx
it’s like the ballpit at the back of the oral part that would be where what-goes-in your mouth, starts and sits for a second
hard palate
hard palate = the washboard part in mouth
incisor tooth
the pointy, tippy tooth at the bottom. incisors
thymus
thymus is the “bubbly” stuff on either side of where the trachea is exposed
-thymus gland; partially covering the heart
pleural cavities (right/left)
I think this must just be the “cavities” on either side of the lungs. I wouldn’t be certain about that
caudal vena cava
it’s the part of the venal cava that proceeds from the neck area down to between the lungs; it’s on the side of the caudal lobe of the right lung. See pic
umbilical vein
umbilical vein almost functions as the very bottom extension of the vena cava see pic. It’s a huge vein going into the middle section of the pig, through its center parts
larynx
the larynx is the part I cut into accidentally while dissecting my pig; it’s a sort of beadlike thing above the trachea where the food would go in. I’m not sure how I would answer a “trace question” where it might go through the larynx
thyroid gland
My notes say “pink thing.” To me the thyroid gland looks like it’s under the larynx, above the trachea, and it’s a bit soft and pink like one would expect a gland to be..
cranial lobe of the right lung
it’s the top lobe of the right lung. cranial lobe; might be helpful to think it’s the “closest lobe to the brain” and then remember the right side is of the pig not your right
heart
the heart of the pig is the heart of the pig
- main part of the circulatory system: along with arteries, veins, capillaries
- pulmonary circulation moves oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart
- the systemic circulatory system supplies all parts of the body with oxygen-rich blood via arteries and arterioles and returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart via venuoles and veins
middle lobe of the right lung
the middle lobe of the right lung is the biggest lobe; also yeah the middle one
stomach
the stomach is the little pouch; you know which one the stomach is by now
accessory lobe of the right lung
the accessory lobe is only on the right and it’s “behind caudal lobe” which means it would have to be dug for a bit. I’m not sure what the caudal lobe is.
spleen
spleen is the colored thing underneath the pouch that is the stomach
- it is described in my notes as the red elongated organ extending around the outer curvature of the stomach (“resembles a tongue”)
- spleen helps destroy old red blood cells
pericardial wall
it says it’s also a “sac” that’s within the lung area, here’s a pic of it. I’d do a bit more research on this
- it’s also called the pericardium and is described as a thin tough membrane covering the heart
- need to cut through sternum to open the thoracic cavity; will find heart still wrapped in this
- here’s like a really good pic of it
diaphragm
diaphragm is the major removable structure above the huge liver
- thin brown muscular tissue, the tough musce which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- esophagus goes through it to the stomach
right/left medial lobes of the liver
much bigger and higher-up than the lateral lobes see pic
the lateral lobes of the liver
the lateral lobes are lower than the medial ones and are interesting
caudate lobe of the liver (not shown)
I have no idea but it might be a good time to check**
jejuno-ileum
the bubbly jelly stuff of the intestines check out this pic
peritoneal cavity
it’s the cavity within the big liver and lower intestines rest; the peritoneal cavity
cranial lobe of the right lung
The cranial lobe is the top lobe of the lung on the pig’s right side. It’s not very big
middle lobe of the right lung
Here’s a nice pic of the middle lobe of the right lung. It’s quite a bit lower than the cranial lobe, a sort of armchair for the heart
caudal lobe of the right lung
It’s the lowest lobe of the lung, my understanding is that it’s kind of stuck back there but what makes the RS different from “accessory” is that the accessory lobe is almost more near the LS
thymus
the thymus is this patchy part right in front of the heart if it’s cut a certain way. **I might look up another way to describe it too
caudal lobe of the left lung
the caudal lobe of the lung is underneath the heart
pleural cavity (left/right)
pleural cavities are like where the lung goes in. the sort of space they go in, see pic
cranial lobe of the left lung
Actually it would seem that the cranial lobe goes up pretty high around the heart, see pic. The cranial lobe of the left lung is what I’ve described before as an armchair for it
Accessory lobe of the right lung
Accessory lobe, look for the part right under the heart, right center
diaphragm
The diaphragm I believe can be described as a “sack” above the liver
left coronary artery and great cardiac vein
the left coronary artery and great cardiac vein is this huge veiny thing over the heart itself see pics
pericardial cavity
I’m not sure but looks to me like the lining on the outside of the heart ** might be a good one to ask about
Ventral view of the thoracic viscera
It’s like a cut right down the half, so the back legs are one thing and the front legs are another.
Ventral view of the abdominal viscera
** not entirely sure here and i don’t think I should eat dinner before 6 again, so I guess this card will serve as a reminder that I have to be more careful (and come back)
gall bladder
the gallbladder looks like a little green patch in the liver; it’s pretty easy to spot
-note that it’s on the pig’s RS [kind of like our left]
cystic duct
the cystic duct is the duct right beneath the gallbladder
hepatic duct
the hepatic duct is further along than the cystic duct and sort of curves up a bit; to me it looks almost like a wishbone
kidney
the kidney really does look like a bean in the digestive system area
coils of ascending colon
coils of ascending colon is just all the coily stuff that makes it clearly recognizable as the digestive system
caecum
the caecum is a little very specific closed-part of the large intestine; it looks like a sealed tip, see pic and don’t lose points on this one
urinary bladder
If I sort of remember correctly the urinary bladder is hard to differentiate exactly from the umbilical cord; looking at this pic is helpful. It’s a bit of a pouch, sort of, like where the urine would be stored
common bile duct
It’s a bit lower down than the cystic duct, leading in to the pancreas
right/left lateral lobes of the liver
the lateral lobes of the liver are the lowest, beneath the medial lobes ** might waent to kind of double-check on this because my understanding is they’re a bit hard to spot
transverse colon
I can’t for the life of me find an image of the transverse colon but it coms after the ascending colon and before the descending colon; here’s a description of that from the online walker textbook. Hopefully I get my copy in the mail before the actual exam
umbilical vein / arteries
the umbilical vein is the huge vein going down from center to middle; then the umbilical artery is the artery lower-down (urinary parts of the pig). See picture for a different POV
jejuno-ileum
I remember the word “bubbly” being used for the jejuno ileum. In this picture it might be like this ** but you’re going to want to be able to distinguish between it and large/small intestines
esophagus
Here’s a pretty good picture of it; it’s the part sort of “beside” the trachea that’s also obviously not the larynx. Around where food would go in and down
stomach (cardiac, fundus, corpus, pyloric antrum)
the stomach is the pouch just beside the spleen, above the pancreas (pic here also is good for distinguishing small/large intestine)
spleen
spleen is a little hard to see for what it is in this picture but it’s the thing just below the stomach
- if you are to slice it open the longitudnal ridges on the inside are called rugae
- restricted caudal (tail) portion of the stomach leads to the small intestine
pancreas
pancreas is kind of buried deep behind the stomach, spleen
- it is described in my notes as a large white granular organ located beneath the stomach
- makes a variety of digestive enzymes that travel to the small intestine through the pancreatic duct
- the duct is difficult to find in the pig
duodenum
duodenum is the coil coming right out of the system leading into the intestines
right/left medial lobes of the liver
here’s a good picture of the lobes of the liber though it doesn’t really say which is medial and lateral so for that I’d go to pp48 of textbook. It looks like the right lobe kind of extends of the left one
caudate lobe of the liver
the caudate is the lowest lobe, it’s on the right side only (I think) – and it’s right above the right kidney which is like a bean on the right side
descending colon
the colon or descending colon is the part where the feces goes out; see pic, I think it should be more or less obvious what this is
- can follow the large intestine all the way to the rectrum and I assume this is what the descending colon is
- waste material is stored in the rectrum and leaves the body through the anus
rectum
not seen; inside the pelvis and where the feces would actually be expelled from the pig’s body
caudal vena cava
the big blue vein on the heart
ventral view of a urogenital system of a male
** what would this look like; I’d take a second extra to look it up
ductus deferens
the ductus deferens** is a little unclear to me still but it looks like a small vein coming down from the caudal vena cava; out of the heart into the next part of circulation. ugh that it’s not a bit clearer to me at this point in my studies
umbilical vein
a vein coming from the upper part of the abdomen to the lower; here’s a picture for your consideration. The umbilical vein
spermatic cord
spermatic cord is something I had kind of a visceral response to in this image; so I don’t know if that can help – it’s the protruding thing that looks honestly like what-it-is
umbilical artery
these are a sort of diverging wishbone-shaped pair of arteries in the pig’s open body; check out this pic
preputial orifice
the preputial orifice is male-only, it refers to a little hole under the umbilical cord thing from where a male pig would pee
umbilical vein
In a slice topward [see pic], the umbilical vein is the biggest of the three little ones. Well this pic is about as unhelpful as possible but anyway here it is
gubernaculum
It’s #27 in this pic. The gubernaculum is lower than the testis or epididymus and I have no idea what it does
scrotum
It’s kind of the sacky part predissection that holds all the male stuff; the scrotum, see pic
-scrotum is two sac-like openings
penis (and preputial gland)
I think the penis and preputial orifice (slash gland) are like the same thing and it refers to the part, male only under the umbilical cord from where it would pee [see pic]
rectum
here’s a good pic of where the rectum is though I don’t think it’s usually visible
adrenal gland
if we were viewing a diagrammatic cross section through the cross section of the pig as viewed from the tail end, then the adrenal gland would be sort of like the eyebooger place on one side of the right kidney [#44 in the picture]
renal cortex
I think the renal cortex is like a very specific of lining inside the kidney [so it would be the furthest top right box in this unfilled diagram representing the dissection]
renal calyx
the renal calyx is also a part of the dissected pig kidney. It’s like the leafy part in there check out the photograph
testis
the testis is not the most obvious but it’s pretty clear what it is; the sort of jellyish bean part of the dissected lower half of the pig
renal arteries / veins
the renal arteries and veins are the arteries or veins going right into the kidney area. See pic
testicular arteries / veins
testicular artery is a little challenging so I might want to double check ** but it does look like an artery directly on the testicular area as opposed to somewhere else
Bulbourethral glands
Looks to me as though the bulbourethral glands are the glands on either side of the urinary tract; if you have a chance I’d double check on this. See pic for now
epididymus
the epididymus sort of looks like a coil around the testis part of the dissected lower pig
urethra
I thought it was female only but apparently not. It’s the pee passage leading up to the penis in a male see pic
aorta
aorta is the left (pig’s RS) vessel at the top side of the heart; see pic. It’s important but it looks like there might be an aorta
After checking on this:
- aorta is the most noticeable of pulmonary vein which carry blood from lungs to left atrium
- the aorta curves to the left and passes cranially along the dorsal side of the thoracic and abdominal wall
ureter
the ureter is a little particular, I’m having a hard time finding a picture but it looks like the glandy thing located nearest to the actual intestines ** I’d double check on this but also hold to your guns
urinary bladder
again: the urinary bladder is the pouchy thing going down the urinary tract where the pig would pee from see pic
anus
do not confuse the ANUS with the urogenital opening [see pic]. the anus is the thing right below the tail (dorsal) whereas the other is higher up (ventral)
e.g. in females: anus is located at base of tail dorsal to vagina. Urethral opening is the one highest up
renal pyramid
look like the little shell-like parts surrounding the leaf prostrusions of the kidney. renal pyramid
Renal pelvis
The part right inside the kidney from where the ureter goes in
dorsal view of female [figure 5-7]
See picture for the full thing
horn of uterus
horn of uterus, here it is in this image but I remember it as kind of a twisty thing
body of uterus
the body of the uterus is extended “lower” than the horn of the uterus; I’m unable to find a picture of it
cervix of uterus
I am not really sure how to describe the cervix of the uterus so I’ll do this **
urethra
this is such a tangled picture I don’t see it helping at all but here is the urethra **
vagina
the vagina looks similar to the urethra and I’d just take a second to distinguish one from the other ** sorry this makes no sense – kind of looks like the “urethra” is on top of the vagina
vaginal vestibule
the vaginal vestibule is a passage leading lower than the urethra or vagina; sort of like a column with some grooves in it
glans clitoridis
** might want to find a more precise defn of the glans clitoridis but here’s a picture for now. A sketch.
genital papillae
I remember the genital papillae as a little protruding papilla at the top of the anus area
umbilical vessels
amnion
the amnion is the outer most part in this image of an opened chorionic vessel
areolae
in this image it looks like the handles on the opened chorionic vesicle of a fetal pig. the areolae
on the opened chorionic vesicle of a fetal pig
here is a full pic of it just so it’s sitting somewhere. It is interesting looking, looks like a steering wheel on a spacecraft
maternal lining
the maternal lining is not shown in this pic** but let’s see if I can find something. It might refer to the placenta; I’m going to just use this pig of the fetus within the amniotic cavity and hope it sort of resolves itself
cranial vena cava
blood that is oxygenated and carbon dioxide-enriched is returned from mots of the body to the right atrium of the heart by two major veins and tributaries. The cranial vena cava drains the head neck and arms.
caudal vena cava
guts/legs version of the cranial vena cava. Here’s the defn again: blood that is oxygen-depleted and carbon dioxide-enriched is returned from most of the body to the right atrium of the heart by two major veins and their tributaries. The caudal vena cava drains the caudal parts and inner organs of the bodies.
for image: will assume it’s also called “inferior vena cava” ** not confirmed
right atrium
whrere blood that is oxygen-depleted and carbon dioxide-enriched goes via either the caudal or cranial vena cavas. It looks like a small flap on the RS of the pig
tricuspid valve
The Mitral valve, also referred to as the tricuspid valve, is one of two left heart valves.
It separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.
The mitral valve has two cusps. See image
right ventricle
- After the blood leaves the right atrium, it flows to the right ventricle which, upon contraction, transports the blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
- The pulmonary artery comes off the right ventricle as the “pulmonary trunk”. The trunk then divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries.
- The pulmonary arteries lead to the left and right lungs.
pulmonary arteries
- After the blood leaves the right atrium, it flows to the right ventricle which, upon contraction, transports the blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
- The pulmonary artery comes off the right ventricle as the “pulmonary trunk”. The trunk then divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries.
- The pulmonary arteries lead to the left and right lungs.
[Image: looks kind of like a lighter shade shiny part next to the right atrium.]
Additional notes:
- it’s the next largest and most noticeable of structures in the heart other than the aorta, carrying blood from lungs
- rises from anterior portion of rightventricle and soon divides into L/R pulmonary arteries
capillaries in lungs
I’d double-check on this. Here’s a copied and pasted definition
CAPILLARIES are blood vessels in the walls of the alveoli. Blood passes through the capillaries, entering through your PULMONARY ARTERY and leaving via your PULMONARY VEIN. While in the capillaries, blood gives off carbon dioxide through the capillary wall into the alveoli and takes up oxygen from air in the alveoli.
pulmonary veins
EXPLANATION:
- Once in the lungs, the carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen enters.
- The blood then returns through pulmonary veins and empties into the left atrium of the heart.
STEPS:
- Pulmonary veins are on posterior heart.
- Openings are inferior to the pulmonary arteries.
- if they’re veins they should be dyed blue by the latex. Sounds like the oxgenated blood is the blue blood. Can think of it like it’s got the stuff, the term blue bloods.
left atrium
I’d say ** add a bit more when you get to this: ___.
EXPLANATION:
- After leaving the left atrium, the blood enters the left ventricle where it is pumped into the aorta.
- The aorta then transports oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
STEPS:
- Locate the large superior vessel that arches towards the posterior aspect of heart. This is the aorta.
• Remind students that the aorta is the largest artery in the body.
bicuspid valve
Note: remember “you try before you buy.” The bicuspid valve
Mitral valve - the valve connecting the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. Of the four heart valves, it is the only one with two cusps instead of three. It is also called the bicuspid valve.
left ventricle
Left ventricle - inferiorly-located chamber on the left side of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the systemic circulation via the aorta.
arch of the aeorta
Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic arch and aorta to the body. The first branch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery. The second branch is the left subclavian artery which goes to the left front leg. The right subclavian carries blood to the right front leg and the carotids carry blood to the head.
coeliac artery
honestly it seems like this refers more to digestive system but here’s a defn I found: At the segment of the abdominal aorta directly beneath the diaphragm, the median coeliac artery exists.
hepatic artery
The celiac trunk is the first branch off the abdominal aorta and branches into the hepatic artery, the left gastric artery, and the splenic artery.
ligamentum arteriosum
The part having two semilunar cusps acting asa valve (pulmonary trunk 1) merges distally into the two pulmonary arteries, whereas the other part has only one cusp acting as a valve (pulmonary trunk 2) and continues in a distal direction in an ampoule-shaped form and then mergesinto the ligamentum arteriosum. The valves of the valva trunci pulmonalis showirregular fibrous thickenings resulting in valvular stenosis. The foramen ovale is closed.
hepatic portal vein
I got a good pic of the vein but this is the best I could do for definition: Hepatic portal system – With careful work, all of the major veins of the hepatic portal system can be dissected. Often, gastrosplenic and gastroduodenal branches can also be found. See p. 67 of the FPDG.
liver sinusoids
The umbilical vein enters the liver and its sinusoids, but as a result of the increasing blood volume as the fetus develops, essentially clears a path through the liver tissue. The resulting channel is known as the ductus venosus.
kidney
The bean-shaped adrenal glands are located near the anterior part of the kidneys. Both the kidneys and adrenal glands are retroperitoneal (located behind the peritoneum). Not the best definition but whatevs
renal artery and vein
The renal artery passes blood from the aorta to the kidney. The renal vein returns blood from the kidney to the posterior vena cava.
common carotid arteries
they’re kind of the branching downward veins that aren’t stained a certain color.
thyroid gland
it’s the soft slimy looking gland right at the center of the neck part see image.
Definition:
The thyroid is a small gland that lies directly on top of the trachea below the larynx. The thyroid produces thyroid hormone and also regulates cellular metabolism and calcium levels
lobes of lung
Unlike humans who have three lobes on one side and two on the other, the right lung of a pig has four lobes and the left lung is divided into three. Much like humans, pigs inhale air through their mouth or external naires, commonly known as nostrils.
left and right auricle (heart)
** do a double check on this one so you know exactly what it is. Auricles have thin walls and act as receiving rooms for the blood while the ventricles below act as pumps, moving the blood away from the heart.
internal jugular vein
the internal jugular vein is the one closer to the undyed common carotid artery and will probably be dyed blue
subscapular veins/arteries
This is not the correct defn but will have to do for now. Arm veins – The subclavian, subscapular and cephalic veins are not well described and illustrated in some lab manuals. In the fetal pig, they are all normally branches of the external jugular vein, in the order of: subclavian first, subscapular in the middle, and cephalic last (closest to the head).
The photo is what will be more helpful for this one
subclavian arteries (not labeled)
second branch is the left subclavian artery which goes to the left front leg. The right subclavian carries blood to the right front leg and the carotids carry blood to the head.
left pulmonary artery
Find the septum on the right side of the right ventricle. This thick muscular wall separates the right & left pumping ventricles from each other. Inside the right ventricle, locate the pulmonary artery that carries blood away from this chamber.
left internal jugular vein
I think we can expect the jugular veins to be dyed blue; the one on the right side would be the same as the left
internal thoracic artery
The internal thoracic artery, aka the internal mammary artery, supplies the breast and the anterior chest wall. The internal thoracic artery travels along the inner surface of the anterior chest wall on both sides.
costocervical trunk
Vertebral artery – Some lab manuals describe the vertebral artery as a branch of the costocervical trunk. While this is true in humans, in the fetal pig the vertebral artery is normally a branch of the subclavian artery, very close to the origin of the costocervical trunk.
ductus arteriosis
Ductus arteriosus — This short vessel in the fetal pig passes from the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. Before birth it is used as a shunt to bypass the lungs, which are collapsed. In adults it becomes a small ligament. (See Fig. 43 – Fetal Circulation for a complete description of the fetal circulatory pattern.)
esophagus
It’s the thing like on the side of the trachea. See image
azygous vein
The left azygous vein is present in the swine heart, returning blood from the body directly to the right atrium
brachiocephalic trunk
ductus arteriosis
The ductus arteriosus, also called the ductus Botalli, named after the Italian physiologist Leonardo Botallo, is a blood vessel in the developing fetus connecting the trunk of the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta.
left subclavian artery
artery cranial to the heart. The left subclavian artery goes to the left front leg.
costocervical trunk
It looks to me like kind of a red veiny thing that streams alongside the common carotid
[Another definition]
Vertebral artery – Some lab manuals describe the vertebral artery as a branch of the costocervical trunk. While this is true in humans, in the fetal pig the vertebral artery is normally a branch of the subclavian artery, very close to the origin of the costocervical trunk.
internal thoracic artery
this is very specific. It’s kind of a branch coming down from the internal thoracic artery
In this image it’s #12
pulmonary trunk
The pulmonary trunk is a major vessel of the human heart that originates from the right ventricle. It branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which lead to the lungs.
It’s hard to find a picture of this one but I’ve done my best.
left pulmonary artery (right is hidden)
In the heart, the left pulmonary artery is the structure going in that looks a bit like the handle of an old man’s cane
descending aorta
there’s a few binded big veins going down, in this picture it’s the red one further to the pig’s left.
[see pic. Here’s a definition to go with it]
The aorta is found behind the pulmonary trunk. The first part of the aorta, where it leaves the left ventricle is known as the ascending aorta. The curved part is known as the aortic arch. The rest of the aorta is known as the descending aorta.
opened chorionic vessel
Here is figure 5-8 as provided on the term sheet as the proper image to go with.
fetus
The fetus within the amniotic cavity looks like this [see image].
umbilical vessels
The umbilical vessels are all the vessels branching out on the underside of this diagram.
amnion
The amnion is shown in the image and is a little hard to distinguish so I’m going to look for a definition that helps me parse out the actual structure.
Textbook says: the fetus is surrounded by another extraembryonic membrane, the thin-walled, nonvascular amnion.
placenta
A very good image…
renal vein
Looks to me like the renal vein is a vein right on the kidney of the pig
Blood (histology)
Looks like a poppy seed muffin but with red/pink spots
monocyte (macrophage)
A purple gash in the poppy seeds on the blood side
Kidney slide
definitely looks like a planet
Lung
I could say the slide looks like the surface of a planet but I already said that so for this one we’ll say specifically it looks like a marble-surfaced planet. Sometimes when you get closer the shapes change a bit so it’s not like marble (see the images).
Bronchiole
On lung slide, it looks like the soapy underside of a clear piece of tupperware in the sink. But it might be a bit more, like, bloody or some shit so we’ll add this – the sink is where someone just washed the blood off their hands.
Note in the image I’ve included that the pointer is in what’s called the Lumen, or the spongey hole.
Bronchus
The Bronchus is a more oak-like circular area within the image of a lung under a microscope. A lung slide.
The pointer is in the lumen, remember consistently that the lumen is like the sponge hole – as unglamorous as that sounds I’m pretty sure it’s accurate. Or just like the hole in the image version of the lung slide. The circle part surrounding by denser sides.
Alveolar Sac
Containing alveoli. I am not sure how to describe it but I think a clue here would be if the slide included were like the surface of the sun but the pointer were onto the further out part. I guess see the image.
Pulmonary vein
On the lung slide, it’s something that in this specific image looks a bit like a femur. I don’t know what it is. But it looks pink, like the bronchiole slide – a bit soapy. Yeah.
Small intestine
It looks like the side slice of a good steak. I think this should be helpful enough. See image.
Mucosa
On small intestine slide, the mucosa (contains villi, glands), looks like the part of it that’s a blood orange. See image the part marked A.
Submucosa
The submucosa is more-or-less intuitive, it’s what it sounds like – the shell on the outside of the part that looks like a blood orange. (Has blood vessels, lymph nodes)
large intestine
appears as a compact coil and is larger in diameter than the small intestine. Can help to locate junction of large and small intestine
Circular muscle
In small intestine slide, this is what helps move the food. It is like the third ringe from the solar system that makes up the small intestine slide. Labeled C
Longitudnal muscle
Also helps move food but it’s further out than the circular muscle; it’s like saturn’s fourth ring. See image it’s D
Serosa
The serosa in the small intestined, labeled E, is the furthest ring out just past the longitudnal muscle. see image
Muscularis Mucosae
labeled F, this is like the serosa version of the mucosa, it’s just the very tip outer edge of it [“separates mucosca from submucosa” says the slide]
Villus
the longer threads of the blood orange, labeled G in this image of the small intestine slide
Intestinal gland
My understanding is that these kind of look like goblets. This pink inner part of the much smaller textured layers of the blood orange part. Labeled H
Large intestine
Overall it looks like a fruitier version of the small intestine. I don’t know if that’s just a feature of the given photographs but, I’d say the texture of the mucosa just looks a bit fruitier, yeah
Mucosa (large intestine)
Mucosa of large intestine looks like zebra pattern you’d shop for at a store; pink and white
Submucosa (large intestine)
Again it’s the layer just outside the mucosa, which is like the flavored part of an orange
Circular muscle
It’s the peel of the orange, we’ll say that. Labeled C in this image
Longitudnal muscle
It’s the fourth ring outside of the mucosa that makes up the long intestine. See image
Serosa
In this one again it’s the outer outer part of the entire slide given
Goblet cells
they’re the white part of the fleshy part of the orange in the intestine slides
Ovary
I don’t know if it’ll be purple but the ovary should be relatively easy to recognize because look at it. I’d describe it as a neon-looking slime with little live looking amoeba cells in it; check it out then try to memorize the image
Primary oocyte
I like how the word oocyte totally aligns with the slide we’re examining. It’s like the outer shell of this guy.
Primary follicle
Is thewhite part inside this image but at a closer look it looks like I don’t know the hole in a planet; I think what makes it different from the secondary and tertiary follicle is that it’s sometimes connected to other follicles
Secondary follicle
looks more like the snakelike coating you’d see around a whatever-the-other-thing is called
Tertiary follicle
There you are ok. The tertiary follicle on the ovary slide is unlike the others in that it’s not connected to other follicles; at least this is what I think.
Liver
the liver looks like a photograph of the heart, you could say a steak but I already said that for the intestines. More like a heart and up close it looks like sandpaper against a heart.
Of course it’s a bit of a problem to say “it looks like a heart” (to memorize) when it’s actually just the liver
Portal triad
I don’t know what the portal triad is but it looks like a long of the liver slide which exists specifically in these white sort of veiny parts of it. See pic. It’s like where the forks of the vein kind of connect
Portal vein
On the liver slide it’s the part of it that’s veiny white
Hepatic artery
it’s a little thinner and not the portal vein; similar though in that it’s white and surrounded by pink parts in the liver slide – see image it’s labeled C
Bile duct
In the liver slide int’s the whitest most circular part of it. the bile duct
hepatocytes
the hepatocytes on the liver slide might just be the sandpapery parts of it
the sinusoid
in the liber slide it is distinct for the portal vein or hepatic artery in that it’s more just like, a white floater in there amidst all the pink stuff
Testis
You’ll be able to recognize the testis because damn does it look like a gross bacteria-prone area – at least in the slide version. See pic
Spermatogonia (2N)
So these are a little hard to identify but the good news is that you can recognize that it’s from the testis just by the sounds of it. It’s the gray part on the testis slide, labeled A here
Spermatocyte
It’s a bit more like a mole that’s not cancerous with weird coloring yet versus the spermatogonia see images
Spermatid
This one is like hella infected mole – looks like it’s sometimes called something else though
head of spermatoza
is the top part of the sperms if you are able to identify those. and I’ll just use the tail here too, see – I’m guessing the pointer would be placed very carefully so the trick might be spelling “spermatozoa” correctly
F is the intestinal cell
Interstitial cell
produces testosterone (there you gooo) it looks like a sea anoemaninaia have no idea how to spell
Trachea and esophagus
this one is like some modern art shit like seriously. I’ve used a lot of my comparisons to planets or meat already so I’m going to say this one looks like a superball
C-ring cartilage
in the trachea and esophagus slide it’s the part that’s sort of red and ringular. I don’t think ringular is a word but it’s going to be for study purposes ok. Check out the pic
I think it’s also just the mucosa? Not sure
Submucosa in trachea
It’s the most yellow part, the mucosa is darker pink
Mucosa
Mucosa is the yellow part labeled C in this pic
Esophagus
Mucosa is the red part, Sub is the yellow, circular muscle is the further out orange
Parts of esophagus
Would make sense to go through this more closely ** I’ll include the image with the descriptions so that you can do this when you get a chance
Artery
on artery/vein/nerve slide.. What makes the artery different from the vein, while both look vaguely (for memorizational purposes) like a vag maybe, the artery is more circular while the vein is like a sperm. Ugh
But truly if you look at these specific images provided to us in the packet it works; the artery is the one on top. A denotes the entire thing
Tunica adventitia
Comes up on both artery and vein slide and it says “external layer support.” I guess I wouldn’t overcomplicate; it’s the pink fleshy part that makes up the meat around the opening.
Tunica media
on artery/vein/nerve slide.. it says “central support; contains several nuclei of smooth muscle” – I am not sure how to describe but it comes up in artery and vein slide and it’s kind of a circe structure near the tunica intima or inside layer. Almost like a gland going into the intima.
See image it’s B
Tunica intima
on artery/vein/nerve slide.. tunica intima is the bulb part if the vein were a glass pipe. See the image. It’s not necessarily going to be the case that the vein is shaped like a pipe but I think this gets at how it’s the bubble itself, and the word “adventitia” sounds a bit like envelope so that might help you think of it like the part that you put stuff into.
See image of tunica intima – B
Vein (on artery/vein/nerve slide)
on artery/vein/nerve slide.. the vein looks a bit like a sperm inside of a slab of steak. Unfortunately I already used the steak image for something else.. I think it was the ___**
But yeah the vein looks like a sperm or long white part inside the pink slice and it’s distinct from the artery in that it’s longer than thinner; just has a different shape
determining male or female (urogenital opening)
Determine the sex of your pig by looking for the urogenital opening. On females, this opening is located near the anus. On males, the opening is located near the umbilical cord. If your pig is female, you should also note that urogenital papilla is present near the genital opening.
incisors (teeth)
located in v front of oral cavity
pharynx
a common passage for food going to the esophagus and air going to the lungs
liver (entire)
is the large, reddish-brown organ that occupies much of the abdominal space
mesentery
small intestine is not loose in the abdominal cavity but is held in places by the mesentery; looks almost like some underwater thing
-can look for veins and arteries within it
caecum
below the junction of small and large intestine can be found a small pouch-like structure called the caecum, seen well in this image
-same item that is the appendix in humans
veins versus arteries
pig may have been injected with colored latex to help locate the veins (blue) and arteies (red).
- locate anterior and posterior vena cava
- anterior vena cava: higher to the head
- posterior “ : underneath the actual heart
I’m not a hundred percent sure on that.
anterior and posterior vena cava
here’s a good pic of the posterior vena cava; I remember putting the anterior somewhere else. The posterior carries blood from the caudal portion of the body (tail portion)
-I’d say what differentiates the anterior and posterior vena cava is that the former is higher, not buried; the latter is further down, buried behind other organs and muscles
other arteries various
named for the body parts they serve. The gastric artery lead to the stomach, the hepatic artery leads to the liver, the renal artery leads to the kidney and carotid artery leads to the head.
-we’re asked to “locate the carotid artery, jugular vein, and the descending aorta”
I found a good image that gets the job done
chambers of the heart
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium left ventricle [see pic]
Then remember the valves: tricuspid and bicuspid ** See if you can find a picture of that sh right now
-septum is the structure btwn the two ventricles
coronary arteries and veins
Should be able to see these on the surface of the heart
ductus arteriosis
this was somewhere else within this pack of flash cards but the important thing to know is this. A characteristic feature of the fetal mammalian heart is the ductus arteriosus. This short vessel allos blood to bypass pulmonary circulation until birth, at which time there is a complete closure of the vessel.
