Fetal development, pregnancy, genetics Flashcards
What are the stages of fetal development?
Preembryonic Stage, Embryonic Stage, Fetal Stage
Stages occur from fertilization to birth.
What occurs during the Preembryonic Stage?
Fertilization, cleavage, morula formation, blastocyst and trophoblast development, implantation in uterine lining
Lasts from fertilization to 2 weeks.
What major organs and features are formed during the Embryonic Stage?
Formation of major organs and external features
(brain, spinal cord, heart, limb buds, eyes, ears, nose, digestive tract, and nervous system all begin to form.)
Lasts from week 2 to week 8.
What are the three embryonic layers and their differentiations?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
Ectoderm: CNS, skin; Mesoderm: skeletal, urinary, circulatory, reproductive; Endoderm: respiratory, liver, pancreas, digestive.
What is the key characteristic of the Fetal Stage?
Rapid growth and maturation of organs
Lasts from week 8 to birth.
What are the primary functions of the placenta?
Acts as interface, produces hormones, removes waste, supplies nutrients
Essential for maternal-fetal exchange.
Name the hormones produced by the placenta.
hCG, hPL, Estrogen, Progesterone, Relaxin
These hormones regulate pregnancy.
What is the Ductus Venosus?
Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
A key shunt in fetal circulation.
What does genotype refer to?
Genetic makeup inherited from parents
Determines potential traits.
Define phenotype.
Observable traits (e.g., hair color)
Result of genotype and environment.
What are the patterns of inheritance?
Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, X-linked Recessive, X-linked Dominant, Multifactorial Disorders
Different ways traits can be passed on.
What are chromosomal abnormalities?
Monosomies, Trisomies, Structural abnormalities
Includes conditions like Down Syndrome.
What are presumptive signs of pregnancy?
Breast tenderness, nausea, fatigue, amenorrhea, quickening
Subjective signs reported by the mother.
What are probable signs of pregnancy?
Pregnancy test, Goodell’s sign, Chadwick’s sign, Hegar’s sign, Braxton Hicks contractions
Objective signs observed by a clinician.
What are positive signs of pregnancy?
Ultrasound confirmation, fetal heart tones, fetal movement felt by a clinician
Definitive evidence of pregnancy.
What are some physiological adaptations during pregnancy?
Uterine growth, blood volume increase, nausea, postural changes, increased metabolic rate
Adaptations occur in various body systems.
What is the routine visit schedule for prenatal care?
Every 4 weeks (0-28 weeks), Every 2 weeks (28-36 weeks), Every week (36 weeks - birth)
Regular check-ups are crucial for monitoring.
List common pregnancy discomforts in the first trimester.
Nausea, urinary frequency, breast tenderness
Common symptoms experienced early in pregnancy.
What are birth preparation methods?
Lamaze, Bradley Method, Dick-Read Method
Techniques to aid in childbirth.
What are some assessments for fetal well-being?
Ultrasound, Doppler studies, Non-Stress Test (NST), Biophysical Profile (BPP)
Tools used to monitor fetal health.
What are postpartum changes that occur?
Emotional adjustments, lactation initiation
Includes ambivalence and mood swings.
True or False: Understanding fetal development is crucial for maternal and fetal health.
True
Knowledge improves outcomes for mother and baby.
