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Maternal/Child > Fetal development/Pregnancy > Flashcards

Fetal development/Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Preembryonic stage

A

0-2 weeks after fertilization

3-4 weeks gestation

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2
Q

Embryonic stage

A 
3-8 weeks after fertilization
5-10 weeks gestation
MOST CRITICAL TIME 
rapid cell division
major organs developing
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3
Q

Fetal stage

A

9-38 weeks after fertilization

11-40 weeks gestation

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4
Q

morula

A

16 cell ball of cells

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5
Q

ectoderm

A

forms the central nervous system, special senses, skin and glands

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6
Q

mesoderm

A

forms the skeletal, urinary, circulatory, and reproductive organs

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7
Q

endoderm

A

forms the respiratory system, liver, pancreas, and digestive system

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8
Q

hCG

A

preserves the corpus luteum and its progesterone production so that the endometrial lining of the uterus is maintained; this is the basis for pregnancy tests.

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9
Q

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

A

fetal and maternal metabolism, participates in the development of maternal breasts for lactation, and decreases maternal insulin sensitivity to increase its availability for fetal nutrition

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10
Q

Estrogen (estriol)

A

causes enlargement of a woman’s breast, uterus, and external genitalia; stimulates myometrial contractility

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11
Q

Progesterone (progestin)

A

maintains the endometrium, decreases the contractility of the uterus, stimulates maternal metabolism and breast development, provides nourishment for the early conceptus

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12
Q

relaxin

A

acts with progesterone to maintain pregnancy, causes relaxation of the pelvic ligaments, softens the cervix in preparation for birth

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13
Q

teratogens

A

substances that cause birth defects, such as alcohol and drugs

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14
Q

ductus venosus

A

shunts fetal blood from umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

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15
Q

ductus arteriousus

A

shunts fetal blood from pulmonary artery to the aorta (bypassing the lungs)

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16
Q

foramen ovale

A

anatomic opening between the right and left atrium

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17
Q

autosomal dominant inherited disorders

A

one abnormal dominant gene

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18
Q

autosomal recessive inherited disorders

A

two abnormal genes

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19
Q

x-linked interited disorders

A

altered gene on the x chromosome

common in males

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20
Q

where does fertilization take place?

A

fallopian tube

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21
Q

Subjective (presumptive) signs

A

signs that the mother can perceive such as skipping a period, nausea, fatigue, breast tenderness, and urinary frequency.
LEAST reliable indicators

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22
Q

Objective (Probable) signs

A

those that can be detected on physical examination by a health care provider. Softening of the cervix, softening of the lower uterine segment, bluish-purple coloration of the vaginal mucosa and cervix

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23
Q

Hegar’s sign

A

softening of the lower uterine segment or isthmus

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24
Q

Goodell’s sign

A

softening of the cervix

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25
Q

Chadwick’s sign

A

bluish-purple coloration of the vaginal mucosa and cervix

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26
Q

ballottement

A

the examiner pushes against the woman’s cervix during a pelvic examination and feels a rebound from the floating fetus

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27
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions

A

spontaneous, irregular, and painless contractions that occur without dilation
Go away with movement

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28
Q

physiologic anemia of pregnancy

A

changes in red blood cell volume are due to increased circulating erythropoietin and accelerated red blood cell production.

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29
Q

linea nigra

A

pigmented line in the middle of the abdomen from umbilicus to pubic area

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30
Q

pica

A

the intense craving for and eating of non-food items.

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31
Q

gravida

A

the total number of times a woman has been pregnant

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32
Q

gravid

A

state of being pregnant

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33
Q

nulligravida

A

a woman who has never experienced pregnancy

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34
Q

primigravida

A

a woman pregnant for the first time

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35
Q

multigravida

A

a woman pregnant for at least the 3rd time

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36
Q

para

A

the number of times a woman has given birth to a fetus of at least 20 gestational weeks

37
Q

striae gravidarum

A

stretch marks

38
Q

fundal height

A

distance (in centimeters) measured with a tape measure from the top of the pubic bone to the top of the uterus (fundus)

39
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

a test made in early pregnancy to detect congenital abnormalities in the fetus.

40
Q

serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

A

high level suggest neural tube defect

low level suggests down’s syndrome

41
Q

nuchal translucency screening

A

AKA ultrasound

1st done between 11-14 weeks

42
Q

amniocentesis

A

transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid for analysis
*must have enough fluid to perform

43
Q

nonstress test

A

most common method of prenatal testing
noninvasive test that places an external electronic fetal monitoring device applied to abdomen.
DOES NOT cause contractions
eat before

44
Q

leukorrhea

A

increased vaginal discharge during pregnancy

45
Q

natural childbirth

A

a birth without pain-relieving medications

46
Q

the Bradley Method

A

various exercises and slow, controlled abdominal breathing to accomplish relaxation.

47
Q

what does baby’s stability depend on?

A

Mom’s BP

48
Q

oxytocin stimulates________

A

uterine contractions and milk let down

49
Q

____ DOES NOT cross the placenta but ______ DOES

A

Insulin, Glucose

50
Q

Ideal FHR

A

110-160

51
Q

if mothers temp is ____ or higher the Dr. needs to be notified

A

100.4

52
Q

most favorable position for fetus to be in to deliver

A

LOA (left occiput anterior)

53
Q

What influences the formation of the mucus plug?

A

progesterone

54
Q

homozygous genes

A

identical

55
Q

heterozygous genes

A

different

56
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical
develop from single egg
one placenta, 2 amnions, 1 chorion

57
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal
develops from two eggs
2 placentas

58
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

59
Q

blastocyst

A

implanted fertilized egg

60
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

head to toe

61
Q

when does the heart begin to beat?

A

beginning of the 4th week

can pick up at 8-12 weeks

62
Q

when does the nervous system start developing?

A

beginning of 4th week

63
Q

umbilical cord is comprised of__

A

2 arteries-wastes away

1 vein- o2 to

64
Q

3 main functions of the placenta

A

transfer and exchange
protective barrier
endocrine gland to produce hormones

65
Q

two layers of the placenta

A

amnion

chorion

66
Q

amnion

A

inner layer of fluid filled sac where fetus grows

67
Q

chorion

A

outer layer, contain chorionic villi

68
Q

chorionic villi

A

feto-placental circulation system

69
Q

functions of amniotic fluid

A

physical protection
freedom of movement
source of fluids-drink and urinate in
temperature

70
Q

what can cause too much amniotic fluid?

A

diabetes

chromosomal defects of the fetus

71
Q

what can cause too little amniotic fluid?

A

renal insufficiency

placental insufficiency

72
Q

quickening

A

butterfly like feeling

73
Q

vernix caseosa

A

waxy, protects skin

74
Q

lanugo

A

hair

75
Q

what does brown fat produce for the fetus?

A

heat

76
Q

when does fetal circulation begin?

A

at birth

77
Q

when does the foramen ovale close

A

with the first breath

78
Q

what do the ductus arteriousus and ductus venous become after birth?

A

ligaments

79
Q

triple test

A

screen for downs (Trisomy 21) and Trisomy 18

80
Q

what 3 lab tests as markers for the triple test

A

AFP
hCG
estrogen

81
Q

kick counts

A 
primary method of fetal surveillance
# movements within a specific time
82
Q

stress testing

A

fast 6-8 hrs before
empty bladder
baseline FHR then induced contractions 3/40 mins
want to find no late decels

83
Q

CV changes in pregnancy

A

increased blood volume, CO, HR

anemia

84
Q

respiratory changes in pregnancy

A 
increased vascularity
increased respirations
tidal volume increases
diaphragmatic breathing
nasal congestion d/t estrogen
85
Q

urinary changes in pregnancy

A

kidneys enlarge
renal pelvis dilates
increase renal perfusion and GFR

86
Q

GI changes in pregnancy

A 
hypertrophy of gums
morning sickness
GI tract relaxation
constipation
gallbladder symptoms
87
Q

musculoskeletal changes in pregnancy

A

waddle
pelvic enlargement
pain w/ walking, sitting
increased risk for falls

88
Q

Supine hypotension sydrome

A

vena cava compression
orthostatic symptoms
lie on left side

Maternal/Child (4 decks)

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