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Mother Baby > FETAL DEVELOPMENT (exam 1) > Flashcards

FETAL DEVELOPMENT (exam 1) Flashcards

from notes in class ati called fetal lifespan

1
Q

when does fertilization occur

A

week 3 of an average 28 day cycle

when an egg and a sperm form a zygote

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2
Q

zygote

A

A single cell that is formed by the joining of two parental cells. This is the first stage of gestation.

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3
Q

gestation

A

Time frame from egg fertilization until birth.

after egg and sperm meet to make a zygote

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4
Q

what happens during week 1-2 of gestation

A

fertilization has not yet taken place. During that time, the egg follicle matures within the ovary as the result of follicle-stimulating hormone

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5
Q

week 5 gestation

A

marks the beginning of the embryonic period which continues until week 9 gestation when the fetal period beings

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6
Q

week 9 gestation

A

fetal period begins

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7
Q

embryogenesis

A

from fertilization of egg through week 9 of gestation

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8
Q

yolk sac

A

provides nutrition and gas exchange until the placenta is formed

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9
Q

amnion

A

creates amniotic fluid

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10
Q

allantois

A

removes waste products

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11
Q

chorion

A

aids in placental formation

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12
Q

blastocyst stage

A

reached 5 days after fertilization

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13
Q

four distinct membranes that result in development of the blastocyst

A

amnion
chorion
allantois
yolk sac

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14
Q

what happens after fertilization occurs

A

hCG is present in client’s blood and urine
first signs of pregnancy occur (swollen breasts and fatigue)

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15
Q

implatation

A

occurs during week 4 of gestation
At this point in the menstrual cycle, the lining of the uterine wall is thick and can support the growing blastocyst with a rich blood supply.
ends the pre-embryonic period at the end of week 4

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16
Q

embryonic period

A

week 5-10 gestation
until the embryo’s tail is gone and is now called a fetus at the end of week 10

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17
Q

what happens during embryonic period

A

cells multiply
growth is rapid (blood, kidneys, nerve cells)
birth defects can happen at this time (exposed to teratogens)

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18
Q

teratogens

A

Anything that negatively affects normal embryonic or fetal development, including medications, illicit drugs, radiation, chemicals, and infections.

during embryonic period

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19
Q

week 5 embryonic development

A

musculoskeletal: bone formation, limb buds, muscles begin to develop

cardio: heart begins to develop, blood cells develop

respiratory: trachea and bronchi are formed

GI: GI tract begins to develop

GU: bladder and kidneys begin to develop, females: ovaries develop

neurological: nerve cells develop, brain and spinal cord begin to develop

skin/sensory: inner and middle ear begin to develop

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20
Q

week 6-7 embryonic development

A

musculoskeletal: arms/legs/feet begin to form, movement occurs

cardio: heart begins to beat (around 110-120 bpm)

respiratory: lung development occurs

GI: mouth begins to form, bowel moves outside the abd to develop

neuro: brain development continues, parasympathic nerve can be detected, tissue develops that will form spinal cord

skin/sensory: eyes/nostrils/ears begin to develop

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21
Q

week 8 embryonic development

A

musculoskeletal: limbs grow longer, hands/feet form, finger and toes begin to develop

neuro: brain development continues

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22
Q

week 9 embryonic development

A

musculosketal: elbows form, toes and fingers are visible

respiratory: breathing movements are seen

GU: males: Testosterone production begins, ​​​​​​​Male genitalia development begins.

skin/sensory: nipples and hair follicles develop

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23
Q

week 10 embryonic development

A

musculoskeletal: cartilage is replaced with bone cells

GI: Developed bowel migrates back into the abdomen.

GU: kidneys function, urine production, females: Uterus and fallopian tubes form.

skin/sensory: Facial features become more distinct, eye lids are more developed and begin to not close, and outer ear begins to develop, Fingerprints are developing

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24
Q

when does fetus start producing urine

A

week 10
adds to the amniotic fluid content

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25
Q

when does placenta develop

A

during first trimester and continues to grow

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26
Q

Oxygen and nutrients are provided to the fetus via

A

maternal blood flow through embryonic capillaries.

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27
Q

what does placenta produce

A

glycogen
provides the fetus with a source of energy and cholesterol that is instrumental in fetal hormone production

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28
Q

where is placenta normally located

A

upper portion of uterus

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29
Q

purpose of placenta

A

The placenta sustains the pregnancy with endocrine, immunological, and physiological factors. It aids in transfer of gases, oxygen, hormones, antibodies, nutrition, and waste between the maternal client and the fetus.

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30
Q

average length of umbilical cord

A

50-60 cm long

31
Q

fetal circulation

A

begins at day 22-23 of fetal development
when cardiac loop is formed

32
Q

Describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the fetus and the maternal client.

A

As the fetal lungs are not functioning, the fetus instead receives its oxygen from the mother’s blood through the maternal arteries located in the basal plate of the placenta.
This oxygen-rich blood enters the center of the portion of the placenta known as the villous tree. The fetus expels carbon dioxide through the umbilical arteries within the umbilical cord and out into the villous trees located in the chorionic plate of the placenta.

33
Q

when are all major organ systems formed

A

week 13 gestation

34
Q

fetal period

A

begins at week 11

35
Q

what system is the first to develop

A

cardiovascular

36
Q

By the end of week 5,

A

the heart is developed and is pumping blood
cardiac loop is formed

37
Q

heart in week 6

A

the beating heart may be visible via transvaginal ultrasound in week 6.

38
Q

heart rate regular

A

week 6-7 at 110-120 bpm
heart beat can be seen via ultrasound

39
Q

respiratory system

A

Development of the trachea and esophagus begins during week 5 and represents the first stage in the development of the pulmonary system. By the end of week 7, the right and left pulmonary bronchia are forming, and by the end of week 8, the structures are present that will eventually become mature lungs

40
Q

when are breathing movements seen

A

week 9
rhythmic breathing is evident at 34 weeks

41
Q

end of week 16

A

respiratory tree has formed, epithelium lines the airways, and cilia begin to develop.

42
Q

end of week 17

A

intrapulmonary arteries are present

43
Q

when is surfactant developed

A

at week 20

44
Q

A nurse is providing care to a client who is at 32 weeks of gestation with their first child. The client tells the nurse that they read to their baby every day. Which of the following would be an appropriate response by the nurse?

A

“Your baby can hear your voice, so keep reading to them.”

45
Q

fetal period

A

weeks 11-40 gestation

46
Q

weeks 11-14 fetal period development

A

musculoskeletal: upper extremeties present, fetus can make a fist

respiratory: breathing movements are evident

GI: Pancreas begins making insulin.

GU: Kidneys produce urine, Sex can be identified via ultrasound

skin: Toenails and fingernails are present

47
Q

weeks 15-18 fetal period development

A

GI: Liver begins to function

neuro: Startle reflex, twitching, and swallowing develop

skin: Lanugo, fine hair that covers the body, ​​​​​​begins to appear

sensory: hearing is beginning to develop

48
Q

weeks 19-22 fetal period development

A

musculoskeletal: Bone marrow produces blood cells

respiratory: Lower airways develop (alveoli), and respiration is possible by the end of this time, Surfactant is produced

GI: Absorption begins.

neuro: fetus can hear

skin: Fat storage begins, Finger/footprints are forming, Eyelids open and close

sensory: Responds to environmental sound, Ear is adult size, and fetus can hear
​

49
Q

weeks 27-30 fetal period development

A

GU: testes in the inguinal canal

neuro: rapid brain development

skin: Covered with vernix caseosa (thick, whitish substance covering the body), Eyelashes and eyebrows are well-formed

sensory: Eyes are completely developed.

50
Q

weeks 31-34 fetal period development

A

musculoskeletal: Bones are developed but soft, ​​​​​​​Muscles are developing

respiratory: Breathing rhythmically, ​​​​​​​Lungs are still developing

GI: Absorption is mature

GU: Kidneys are fully formed, Testes in the scrotum

51
Q

weeks 35-37 fetal period development

A

musculoskeletal: fully developed
cardio: fully developed

skin: ​​​Less skin wrinkles, ​​​​​​​Subcutaneous tissue develops

52
Q

weeks 38-40 fetal period development

A

respiratory: ready to function after birth

skin: Lanugo is only present under arms and on shoulders, Fingernails are long, ​​​​​​​Breast buds are present, Hair is thicker and may be coarse

53
Q

lanugo

A

fine hair on the skin

54
Q

Place the following in order from early to later during fetal development.

A

By week 8, fingers and toes are formed. By week 12, the pancreas begins producing insulin. By week 19, fetal movement is felt by the client. By week 24, surfactant is produced in the lungs. By week 34, rhythmic breathing is noted via ultrasound.

55
Q

when is sex distinguishable

A

week 14 gestation

56
Q

fetal movement

A

felt around week 19

57
Q

hearing is fully developed

A

week 26

58
Q

fetal stage begins

A

week 9

59
Q

kinds of spontaneous abortions

A

complete
incomplete
inevitable
missed
threatened

60
Q

complete spontaneous abortion

A

When uterine cramping and bleeding occur and an ultrasound reveals the uterus is empty, a complete spontaneous abortion has occurred.

61
Q

incomplete spontaneous abortion

A

An incomplete abortion occurs when there is passage of a portion of the uterine contents because of uterine contractions and the cervix being dilated, but the rest of the products of conception remain within the uterus.

some of fetus is still in uterus

62
Q

inevitable spontaneous abortion

A

An inevitable abortion is diagnosed when cervical dilation is noted via cervical exam and cramping and vaginal bleeding are present, but there has been no passage of the pregnancy yet, although spontaneous abortion is expected.

63
Q

threatened spontaneous abortion

A

A threatened abortion occurs when mild to moderate cramping and vaginal bleeding are present, but the cervix remains closed and an ultrasound shows a viable pregnancy.

64
Q

missed spontaneous abortion

A

A missed spontaneous abortion occurs when uterine contractions are not present and the manifestations of pregnancy are still present or may begin to regress, but vaginal bleeding does not occur. The embryo or fetus no longer exhibits signs of life and remains in the uterus.

65
Q

risk factors for complete spontaneous abortions

A

maternal factors such as diabetes, celiac disease, autoimmune disorders, age 35 or older, a history of early pregnancy loss, uterine structural anomalies, hypertension, malnutrition, prior pregnancy loss, or trauma.

lifestyle choices: use of illicit drugs, cigarette smoking, intake of large amounts of caffeine, and alcohol consumption.

infection: such as HIV, vaginitis, or syphilis

exposure to lead or arsenic

66
Q

risk factors for threatened spontaneous abortions

A

advanced maternal age (35 and older), first pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, ​​​placenta previa, gestational diabetes mellitus, and low socioeconomic status (SES).

67
Q

hyperemesis gravidarum

A

Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy that is severe and persistent.

68
Q

placenta previa

A

Occurs when the placenta partially or completely covers the internal os of the cervix.

69
Q

risk factors for missed spontaneous abortions

A

maternal age of 30 years of age or older, body mass index (BMI) greater than 24, and the embryo or fetus measuring larger or smaller than expected.

70
Q

clinical presentation of spontaneous abortions

A

cramping and vaginal bleeding (not always but in general/most often)

71
Q

beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG)

A

A hormone secreted by the placenta beginning 8 to 10 weeks after conception that can be detected via a blood sample.

greater than 3,000 mIU/mL

falling or lower levels can indicate a nonviable pregnancy

72
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

can happen is mom is Rh-negative and doesn’t get immunization so baby can get this

Severe edema in the fetus caused by antibodies within maternal circulation if the mother is Rh-negative. The antibodies pass through the placenta and react with the fetal antigens, destroying fetal red blood cells.

73
Q
A

Mother Baby (6 decks)

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