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MedOBGYN > fetal development > Flashcards

fetal development Flashcards

1
Q

fetal head is important bcoz it shows what

A

adaptation between fetal head and mother’s pelvis

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2
Q

fetal skull is composde of

A 
2 frontal
2 parietal
2 temporal
wing of sphenoid
upper occipital bone
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3
Q

membranous spaces that separate the bones from each other

A

sutures

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4
Q

sutures of the fetal skull

A

frontal
sagittal
coronal
lambdoid

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5
Q

connects the 2 frontal bones

A

frontal suture

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6
Q

connect the 2 parietal parietal bones

A

sagittal suture

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7
Q

connects the forntal and parietal bones

A

coronal suture

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8
Q

connects the parietal and occipital

A

lambdoid suture

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9
Q

in vertex position, all sutures can be palpated except

A

temporal (suture?)

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10
Q

areas where several sutures meet

A

fontanel

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11
Q

lozenge/diamond-shaped fontanel aka bregma

A

greater/anterior fontanel

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12
Q

bregma is formed by the

A

sagittal and coronal sutures

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13
Q

triangle-shaped fontanel

A

lesser/posterior fontanel

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14
Q

lesser/posterior fontanel is formed by

A

sagittal and lambdoid

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15
Q

fontanels provide info on what

A

presentation and position of fetus on delivery

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16
Q

used during labor to ensure the fit of the head within the pelivs

A

fetal head diameter

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17
Q

from root of nose to most prominent part of occipital bone seen if baby’s head is not flexed

A

occipitofrontal

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18
Q

greatest/widest transverse diameter

A

biparietal

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19
Q

greatest distance between 2 temporals

A

bitemporal

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20
Q

chin to most prominent portion op occiput

A

occipitomental

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21
Q

middle of large fontanel to undersurface of the occipital bone where it joins the neck

A

suboccipitobregmatic

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22
Q

line drawn from the bregma to the undersurface of the fetal mentum/mandible

A

trachelobregmatic

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23
Q

greatest circum of fetal head

A

34.5 cm (OFD)

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24
Q

smallest circum of head

A

32 cm (SCB)

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25
Q

leading indication for ceasarian deliver

A

fetopelvic disproportion

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26
Q

happens due to bones being separated by thin layer of fibrous tissue allowing shifitng of each bone to accomodate size and shape of pelivs

A

molding

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27
Q

myelination of ventral roots of the cerebrospinal enrves and brainstem starts at

A

6th month

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28
Q

what happends at 6th month in terms of CNS

A

myelination of ventrla roots

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29
Q

brain originates from which embryonic layer

A

neurectoderm

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30
Q

saang level ang spinal cord at 24 weeks

A

S1

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31
Q

saang level ang spinal cord at birth

A

L3

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32
Q

saan level ang spinal cord at adulthood

A

L1

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33
Q

when ang major portion of myelination

A

after birth

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34
Q

when ang myelination of spinal cord

A

midgestation to 1st yr

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35
Q

when ang musculo and neurological intergration

A

3rd trimester

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36
Q

skelan binibigay ang folic acid

A

at first 4 months

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37
Q

saan higher ang O2 conc sa fetus

A

brain and heart

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38
Q

featl heart: parallel or series?

A

parallel

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39
Q

parallel circulation in fetal heart is due to

A

foramen ovale

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40
Q

umbilical vein divides into

A

portal sinus

ductus venosus

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41
Q

aling blood ung didiretso sa LV

A

mas saturated kasi ilalagay sya sa brain at heart

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42
Q

aling blood ung didiretso sa RV

A

less saturated for the rest of the body

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43
Q

shunt #1

A

foramen ovale

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44
Q

shunt #2

A

ductus arteriosus

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45
Q

after delivery which should close constrict/collapse

A

forame ovale
umbilical vessels
ductus arteriosus
ductus venosus

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46
Q

bcoz close na ang ductus arteriosus, blood from RV will now enter

A

lungs for oxygenation

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47
Q

after birth: parallel or series?

A

series

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48
Q

after birth, ductus venosus becomes

A

ligamentum venosus

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49
Q

after birth, foramen ovale becomes

A

fossa ovalis

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50
Q

an atrial septal defect

A

patent formaen ovale

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51
Q

after birth, umbilical artery becomes

A

medial umbilical ligament

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52
Q

after birth, umbilical vein becomes

A

ligamentum teres

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53
Q

3 sites of hemopoiesis

A

yolk sac
liver
marrow

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54
Q

1st erythrocytes are

A

nucleated and macrocytic (180 fL)

55
Q

at term, what is the MCV

A

110-115 fL

56
Q

fetal RBC life span: higher or lower?

A

lower/shorter

57
Q

fetal RBC production: higher or lower?

A

higher

58
Q

fetal retics: higher or lower?

A

higher

59
Q

fetal blood viscosity: higher or lower?

A

more viscous

60
Q

fetal RBC deformability: higher or lower?

A

higher

61
Q

blood volume of newborn

A

78 ml/kg

62
Q

blood volume of placenta

A

45 ml/kg

63
Q

fetoplacental blood volume

A

125 ml/kg of fetal weight

64
Q

fetal erythropoiesis is mainly controlled by

A

fetal EPO

65
Q

fetal EPO is influecned by

A 
testosterone
estrogen
prostaglandins
thyroid hormone
lipoprotein
66
Q

site of EPO prodx

A

liver and then kidney

67
Q

Hgb from yolk sac

A

gower 1 zeta2epsilon2

gower 2 alpha2epsilon2

68
Q

hgb from liver

A

HgbF alpha2gamma2

69
Q

02 affinity, higher in fetus or adult?

A

fetal

70
Q

kelan nagsstart magproduce ng adult-type procoag/anticoag proteins

A

12 weeks

71
Q

wit K is given to mom or newborn

A

newborn

72
Q

kelan transport of igG

A

16 wks

73
Q

kelan pinakamadaming napupuntang IgG sa baby

A

last 4 wks

74
Q

kelan increased ang IgM sa bata

A

CMV
rubella
toxoplasmosis

75
Q

pano nakukuha IgA

A

colostrum

76
Q

IgA mainly useful for

A

prevention of enteric and diarrheal dseases

77
Q

kelan simula ang B lymph magawa

A

9 wks @ fetal liver

78
Q

kelan simula ang T lymph magawa

A

14 wks @ thymus

79
Q

important at 12weeks AoG (general)

A

centrers of ossification
definitive genitalia
skin, nails

80
Q

anong week pwede idetermine ung sex ng baby

A

14 wks

81
Q

imporatnt at 16 wks AoG (general)

A

midbrain maturation

eye movements

82
Q

imporatnt at 20wks AoG (general)

A

midpoint of preggy
linear weight incraese
scalp hair
10-30% movement

83
Q

important at 24wks AoG (general)

A

fat deposition
canalicular stage of lung ( no termimnal sacs yet)
nociceptors

84
Q

improtant at 28 wks AoG (general)

A

think skin with vernix caseosa

wrinkled face

85
Q

important at 32 and 36weeks Aog

A

no more wrinkled face skin

86
Q

considered the term fromt he onset of the LMP, fully developed fetus

A

40wks AoG

87
Q

at 2nd term, the amnionic fluid is composed mainly of

A

fetal plasma ultrafiltrate

88
Q

after 20 wks, the AF is composed mainly of

A

fetal urine

89
Q

fetal kidneys produce urine starting at

A

12 wks

90
Q

fetalmkdiney produces approximately how many by 18 weeks

A

7-14 mL

91
Q

amniotic fluid volumes peaks when

A

34 weeks

92
Q

caused by draining of AF

A

pulmonary hypoplasia

93
Q

well-oxygentaed blood tends to course along the ____ aspect ot the IVC

A

medial

94
Q

poorly-oxygenated blood tends to course along the ____ aspect of the IVC

A

lateral

95
Q

saan dumadaan ung oxygentaed blood from RA to LA

A

foramen ovale

96
Q

almost 90% of blood exiting the right ventricle is shunted thru ____ to the ____

A

ductus arteriosus; descending aorta

97
Q

factors cotnributing to ensuring that only 15% of RV output goes to the lungs

A

high pulmo vascular resistance

lower resistance in the ductus arteriosus and umbilical-placental vasculature

98
Q

swallowing begins

A

10-12 wks

99
Q

start of swallowing conincides with what

A

persitalsis and glucose transport

100
Q

stimuli for swallowing

A

thirst
gastric emptying
change in AF composition

101
Q

injection of _____ increases swallowing while injection of ____ decreases

A

saccharin; noxious chemical

102
Q

term fetus swallows how many AF

A

200-760 mL

103
Q

intrinsice factor detectable by (when)

A

11 wks

104
Q

pepsinogen detectable by (when)

A

16 wks

105
Q

aka congenital aganglionic megacolon, prevents the bowel from undergoing parasymp-mediated relaxation and normally emptying
missing nerves in the colon

A

Hirschprung dse

106
Q

commonly .found with fetal cystic fibrosis, is bowel obstruction caused by thick, viscid meconium that blocks the distal ileum

A

meconium ileus

107
Q

dark greenish-black is caused by

A

biliverdin

108
Q

hypoxia stimulates the release of ____ from the fetal pituitary gland

A

arginine vasopressin

109
Q

Most of the unconjugated bilirubin is excreted into

A

amnionic fluid after 12 weeks and transferred across the placenta

110
Q

which is not exchanged between mommy and baby: conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin?

A

conjugated

111
Q

fetal choelsterol is mainly from

A

hepatic synth

112
Q

kelan mababa lng ang hepatic glycogen

A

2nd term

113
Q

ekaln biglang taas ang glycogen

A

near term

114
Q

insulin is detectable by (when)

A

12 wks

115
Q

glucagon has been identified in the fetal pancreas at

A

8 wks

116
Q

Most pancreatic enzymes are present by

A

16 weeks

117
Q

Amylase has been identi ed in amnitonic fluid at

A

14 wks

118
Q

start of meconium prodx

A

32 wks

119
Q

2 primtiive urinary systems

A

pronephros

mesonephros

120
Q

loop of Henle operational by

A

14 wks

121
Q

fetal urine: hypo or hypertonic?

A

hypotonic

122
Q

fetal kidneys start prodx of urine by

A

12 wks

123
Q

increases urine formation

A

maternal furosemide

124
Q

decreases urine formation

A

uteroplacental insufficiency
fetal growth restriction
fetal disorders

125
Q

Kidneys are not essential for survival in utero, but are important in the

A

control of amnionic uid composition and volume

126
Q

abnormalities that cause chronic anuria are usually accompanied by

A

oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia

127
Q

entails growth of the intrasegmental bronchial tree between 6 and 16 weeks

A

pseudoglandular stage

128
Q

16 to 26 weeks, the bronchial cartilage plates extend peripherally
Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to several respiratory bronchioles, and each of these in turn divides into multiple saccular ducts.

A

canalicular stage

129
Q

respiratory bronchioles give rise to primi- tive pulmonary alveoli—the terminal sacs @ 26 wks

A

terminal sac stage

130
Q

alveolar epithelial lining thins to improve gas exchange. Simultaneously, an extracellular matrix develops from proximal to distal lung segments until term.
@ 32 wks

A

alveolar stage

131
Q

produces surfactants

A

type II pneumocytesq

132
Q

principal active component of surfactant is a speci c leci- thin—

A

dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC or PC)

133
Q

fetal chest wall movements are detected by sonography as early as

A

11 wks

MedOBGYN (2 decks)

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