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resp 212 Fetal circulation > Fetal Circulation > Flashcards

Fetal Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Placenta

A

Where exchange of oxygen and other substances between the separate maternal and fetal blood occurs

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2
Q

Umilical arteries (2)

A

Extensions of the internal iliac arteries that carry fetal blood to the placenta

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3
Q

Umbilical vein

A

returns oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus; enters body through the umbilicus and goes to the undersurface of the liver, where it gives off two or three branches and then continues as the DUCTUS VENOSUS

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4
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Continuation of the umbilical vein, drains into inferior vena cava

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5
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Opening in septum between the right and left atria bypass lungs

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6
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Small vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending thoracic aorta

bypass lungs

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7
Q

Fetal circulation after birth

Umbilical vein

A

Becomes the round ligament of the liver

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8
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Becomes the ligamentum venosum of the liver

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9
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Functionally closed shortly after a newborn’s first breath, structural closure takes approximately 9 months, becomes Fossa Ovalis

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10
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Contracts with establishment of respiration, becomes Ligamentum arteriosum

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11
Q

Blood

A

Composed of plasma and formed elements (blood cells, platelets)

Pick up and delivery service for the body

heat regulation

young adult male has approximately 5 L of blood

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12
Q

Leukocytes

Different types and their normal percentages in the blood

A
  1. Neutrophils - 60-70%
  2. Lymphocytes - 20-25%
  3. Monocytes - 3- 8%
  4. Eosinophils- 2- 4%
  5. Basophils - 0.5-1%
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13
Q

Formed elements in the blood

Red blood cells also called erythrocytes

A
  1. No nucleus, shaped like biconcave discs
  2. volume % of RBC’s in whole blood is called hematocrit Normal is 45% for males and 40% for females
  3. Primary component is hemoglobin
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14
Q

What is the function of Red blood Cells?

A
  1. Critical role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, depends on hemoglobin
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15
Q

How are Red blood cells formed?

A
  1. Erythropoiesis - begins in the red bone marrow as hematopoietic stem cells ( hemocytoblast)
  2. Goes through several stages of development to become erythrocytes, maturation process requires 4 days
  3. RBC’s are created and destroyed at approximately 100 million per minute in an adult
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16
Q

Formed elements in blood

A

Macrophage cells phagocytose the aged, abnormal or fragmented RBC’s

RBC life span is 105-120 days

Hemoglobin is broken down and amino acids, iron, and bilirubin are released

17
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  1. composed of 4 globin chains, each attached to a heme group which contains one iron atom
  2. able to unite with 4 oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin
  3. Anemia is a decrease in number or volume of functional RBC’s in a given unit of whole blood.
18
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytic cells capable of diapedesis

19
Q

Eosinophils

A

++ in digestive and respiratory tracts, weak phagocytes

associated with antigen- antibody reaction complexes

provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions

20
Q

Basophils

A

Motile and capable of diapedesis, cytoplasmic granules contain histamine and heparin

21
Q

List the granulocytes 3

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
22
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  1. Lymphocytes - smallest of the WBC’s
  2. T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes have important role in immunity.
  3. T lymphocytes directly attack an infected or cancerous cell, and B lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens
  4. Monocytes - Largest Leukocytes, mobile and highly phagocytic cells
23
Q

WBC numbers

A

1mm3 of normal blood, usually contains 5000-9000 leukocytes

WBC numbers are clinically significant because they change with certain abnormal conditions

24
Q

Formation of WBC’s

A

hematopoetic stem cell where all these come from

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate in red bone marrow

Most Lymphcytes and monocytes deelop from hematopoietic stem cells in lymphatic tissue

25
Q

Platelets three important properties are:

A
  1. agglutination
  2. adhesiveness
  3. aggregation

*****Platelet counts in adults average 250,000/mm3 of blood; normal range is 150,000-400,000/mm3******

Know the normals

26
Q

List functions of platelets

A

Important role in heostasis and blood coagulation;secondary role in defending against bacterial attacks

Hemostasis refers to stoppage of blood flow; if injury is extensive, blood clotting mechanism is activated to assist

coagulation cascade

27
Q

Where are platelets formed and what is their life span?

A

Life span is 7-10 days

formed in red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen by fragmentation of megakaryocytes

28
Q

What is blood plasma and what is contained in it.

A
  1. Plasma - liquid part of blood, clear, straw colored, composed of 90% water, and 10%solutes
  2. Solutes - 6-8% of plasma solutes are proteins consisting of three main compounds.
  • Albumins - help maintain osmotic balance of the blood
  • Globulins - essential component of the immunity mechanism
  • Fibrinogen - key role in blood clotting
  • Plasma proteins have an essential role in maintaining normal blood circulation
29
Q

Coagulation

A
  1. Blood clotting - goal is to stop bleeding and prevent loss of vital body fluid

4 components critical to coagulation;

  1. Prothrombin
  2. Thrombin
  3. Fibrinogen
  4. Fibrin
30
Q

Clot formation, diagram in power point.

A

Prothrombin activator⇒prothrombin⇒Thrombin⇒Fibrinogen⇒Fibrin⇒

                                                                                  fibrin clot
31
Q

Antithrombins

A

Substances in the blood that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevent thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin

32
Q

Conditions that speed up Clotting

A
  1. Rough spot in the endothelium
  2. Abnormally slow blood flow
33
Q

Clot dissolution (important to know)

A
  1. Fibrinolysis- removes unwanted clots
  2. Plasmin - fibrin digesting enzyme produced when the plasma protein plasminogen is activated by tissue plasminogen activator tPA, Factor iiv and Thrombin
34
Q

Clot dissolution process

A

Thrombin factor XII, t-PA, lysosomal enzymes⇒plasminogen, plasmin⇒Fibrin…..Clot dissolution

35
Q
A

resp 212 Fetal circulation (1 decks)

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