Fertilizer and Pesticide Study Cards Flashcards
Kentucky State initial and category 3 study material for applicators license.
1
Q
What is the most important law regulating the registration, distribution, sale, and use of pesticides in the US?
A
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act or FIFRA
2
Q
What does Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) allow the Environmental Protection Angency (EPA) to do?
A
It gives the EPA the authority to oversee the sale and use of pesticides.
3
Q
What are some of the consequences a commercial applicator can face violating the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)?
A
$5,000 for FIFRA violations. Criminal Penalties: $25k or 1 year in prison.
4
Q
What authorities have been given to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)?
A
- Impose civil and/or criminal penalties on anyone who misuses a pesticide or commits any other listed unlawful acts. Fines can be up to $1,000 for each offense. However, you have the right to ask for a hearing in your own city or county. 2. Stop the sale or use of any pesticide. 3. Issue removal orders and seize products to keep them out of the market if it determines the products pose an unreasonable risk. 4. Reevaluate older pesticides to ensure that they meet more recent safety standards. 5. Protect agricultural workers and pesticide handlers from occupational pesticide exposure.
5
Q
What are some exceptions to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)?
A
- To control a pest that is not on the label as long as the specific crop or site is listed 2. By any method that is not prohibited. For example, some pesticides cannot be applied by air. 3. At a lower dosage, concentration, or less frequently than specified on the label 4. In a pesticide-fertilizer mixture.
6
Q
What are the two types of classifications for pesticides?
A
Restricted Use (RUP) and unclassified or general use
7
Q
What Kentucky state law governs the registration, sale, distribution, proper use, storage, disposal, and application of pesticides in the Commonwealth (KY)?
A
KRS 217B the Kentucky Fertilizer and Pesticides Storage, Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1996.
8
Q
What are the record keeping requirements of the Kentucky Fertilizer and Pesticides Storage, Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1996 (KRS 217b)?
A
- Record the following information within 14 days of treatment and keep the records for 3 years. 2. Give the customer a copy within 30 days. 3. The records must contain: a. Name and Address of person receiving services b. Brand or product name of pesticides applied c. Date of application. d. purpose of application. e. Size of area treated. f. Crop, commodity, or type of area treated. g. name and certification number of applicator. h. EPA registration number of the product. i. Location of application. j. Total amount of each pesticide applied.
9
Q
Why are pesticide application records important?
A
- Documented support in complaint/lawsuit. 2. Help determine most effective pesticide treatments. 3. Provide medical staff with information needed for treatment. 4. Document steps taken to protect people and environment.
10
Q
What are the 3 types of applicators?
A
- Commercial Pesticide Operator. 2. Commercial Pesticide Applicator. 3. Noncommercial Applicator.
11
Q
When do Kentucky State commercial pesticide operator/applicator and noncommercial applicator licenses expire?
A
31 December each year with a 25% fine for license holders who do not renew prior to 1 March.
12
Q
The Kentucky Department of Agriculture (KDA) requires what equipment to be registered and given a license plate/decal for application of pesticides?
A
Any equipment being used for the distribution of pesticides on lands of another person within Kentucky.
13
Q
How many continuing education units (CEU) are required by the Kentucky Department of Agriculture (KDA) to maintain proficiency to retain one’s pesticide operator/applicator license each year?
A
12 CEUs are required in total. 9 general units of study plus 3 category specific unites must be earned prior to December 31 of your certification period.
14
Q
What types of pesticides may be used in Kentucky according to the state of Kentucky and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in accordance with Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)?
A
You are responsible for applying only pesticides registered or exempted from registration by the EPA and Kentucky. Usable pesticides registered and labeled: 1. Section 3: is the most common registration. An approved and registered produce will have an official EPA registration number on the label. 2. Section 18: allows the sale and use of a registered pesticide product for specific non-registered purpose during a specified time period. EPA can issue an emergency exemption at the request of the state for a public health concern or other pest crisis. The three conditions are: a. No effective registered pesticides are available. b. no feasible alternative control practices are available. c. Sitation involves the introducation of a new pest, will present significant risks to human health or the environment, or will cause significant economic loss. 3. Section 24(c)(Special Local Needs): allows states to expand or limit use of certain registered pesticides within their jurisdictions. Products under section 24 will have an SLN (special local need) number and code for the state issuing the registration. These are only legal to use in the state and local area specified in the labeling.
15
Q
What are some important areas on a label?
A
- Make sure the product is registered for your intended use. 2. Ensure there are not restrictions or other conditions that prohibit use of the pesticide at the application site. 3. What PPE (personal protective equipment) are required for applicaiton. 4. Determine what precautions are needed to prevent exposure to people and non-targeted organisms. 5. Learn what first aid steps are required should an accident occur. 6. How long the pesticide may be able to be stored and under what conditions.
16
Q
What are the parts of a pesticide label?
A
- Type of pesticide. 2. Name of product. 3. Name and address of manufacturer. 4. Net contents. 5. EPA registration number. 6. EPA establishment number. 7. Ingredient statement. 8. Signal Word. 9. Warning or caution statements. 10. First aid instructions. 11. Directions for use. 12. Storage and disposal instructions. 13. Formulation. 14. Agricultural/non-agricultural use requirements. 15. Environment hazards.
17
Q
What does a box at the top of the front panel identify?
A
Restricted use pesticides. Reasons may include concerns about ground and surface water contamination and product will specify how to apply appropriately to avoid the contamination.
18
Q
What does pesticide mod of action classification number mean and why is it important?
A
Identifies how a pesticide/herbicide kills it’s target to prevent resistance or allow applicators to change methods when resistance is met.
19
Q
What does formulation mean in reference to pesticide products?
A
Whether the pesticide is (F) flowable, (G) granule, or (WDG) water dispersible granule.
20
Q
What are the 4 signs/symbols in order declaring toxicity levels of a pesticide from most toxic to least toxic?
A
- Skull and crossbones- highly toxic 2. Danger- toxic pesticide that is very likely to cause acute illness from mouth, skin, or breathing exposure, or to cause sever eye or skin irritation. 3. Warning- moderately likely to cause acute illness from oral, dermal, or inhalation exposure or to cause moderate skin or eye irritation. 4. Caution- slightly toxic or relatively nontoxic.
21
Q
What does it mean if a pesticide label has an Agricultural Use Requirements box?
A
It means that some or all of it the products uses are subject to the federal Worker Protection Standard. This section will contain required instructions of the Restricted Entry interval (REI), early entry personal protective equipment, and notification-to-workers.
22
Q
What are the 3 types of liquid formulations?
A
- Solutions- made by dissolving a substance in a liquid. 2. Suspensions- an even mixture of small solid particles throughout a liquid. 3. Emulsions- a mixture of droplets of one liquid in another liquid. (water and oil)
23
Q
What do the following acronyms mean? (E or EC) (S or CS) (EW) (F, L, or SC) (M or ME) (A) (G) (WP or W) (SP or S) (WDG or DF) (WSB or WSP) (B)
A
E or EC- emulsifiable concentrate S or SC- Solutions EW- Emulsions in Water F,L, or SC- Flowables (suspension) M or ME- Micro-encapsulated pesticides A- Aerosol G- Granules WP or W- Wettable Powders SP or S- Soluble Powder WDG or DF- Water-dispersible Granules or Dry flowables WSB or WSP- Water-soluble bags/packages B- Baits
24
Q
What is the acronym and the meaning behind the acronym for mixing different types of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides in a tank?
A
The method is the WALES method. W- Wettable powders and water dispersible granules A- Agitate tank mix thoroughly L- Liquid flowables and suspensions E- Emulsifiable concentrate formulations S- Surfactants/Solutions
25
What are the restrictions on mixing 2 or more pesticides together?
If a desired premix is not available, Federal law allows you to combine two or more pesticides unless the labeling of one or more of the intended products specifically prohibits it.
26
What do you do if you need to mix 2 or more pesticides and the label does not provide mixing instructions, but also do not prohibit mixing?
Determine compatibility by "jar testing" the combinations and then check for phytotoxicity (plant injury) by testing the mixture on a small number of plants.
27
What are two reasons pesticides can be incompatible for mixing together?
1. Physical- they gel, curdle, foam, or stay in separate layers when mixed. 2. Chemical- their pest control activity changes when they are mixed.
28
What are additives/adjuvants and when should they be used?
They are chemicals that may improve the actions of a pesticide or change the characteristics of a pesticide formulation or a spray mixture. You should only use them when directed to do so by the manufacturer. Most already have the additive/adjuvant added by the manufacturer anyways.
29
What are the types of adjuvants and what are their purpose?
Antifoaming (defoaming) agent- reduces excessive foaming of spray mixtures. Buffer or pH modifier- allows pesticides to mix with diluents or other pesticides of different acidities or alkalines. Compatibility agent- helps combine pesticides. Drift control additive- increases average droplet size and/or lower the numbers of "fines" (very small droplets). Extender or sticker- keeps pesticides active on a target for an extended period or on waxy foliage. Plant penetrant- allows pesticides to enter treated foilage. Safener- reduces the toxicity of a pesticide formulation to the pesticide handler or to the treated surface. Sticker- allow pesticides to stay on a treated surface longer. Wetting agent- allows wettable powders (WP) formulations to mix with water. Surfactants- are commonly used as adjuvants to alter the dispersal, spreading, and wetting properties of spray droplets. a. Anionic surfactants- negative charge which are typically on contact pesticide versus absorbed systemically. b. Cationic surfactants- positive charge and are often phytotoxic (plant harming). c. Nonionic surfactants- have no electrical charge and are often used with systemic products to help pesticides to penetrate plant cuticles.
30
What are the two types of negative effects a pesticide can have on humans?
1. Acute effects (short-term) 2. Chronic effects (long-term)
31
When are individuals at the greatest potential for exposure to hazards by pesticides?
When mixing and loading concentrated pesticides.
32
What are the 2 different broad types of effects from pesticide exposure?
1. Local (contact/respiratory) 2. Systemic effects (absorbed into blood stream) and may include damage to nerves, reduced clotting ability, cancers, reproductive problems, impaired metabolism, hormonal effects, and damage to various organ systems.
33
What are the 4 ways pesticides enter the body?
1. Skin (dermal) 2. Eyes (ocular) 3. Lungs (inhalation) 4. Mouth (oral)
34
What way does a pesticide enter the body most often?
97% of all exposure is through skin contact.
35
What areas of the body are most likely to absorb a pesticide?
Warm, moist areas, such as the groin, armpits, head, neck, backs of the hands, and tops of the feet, tend to absorb more than the palms and forearms. However, palms and forearms must still be protected because they get the most exposure.
36
What does acute toxicity, LC50, and LD50 mean?
Acute toxicity- The measure of harm (systemic or contact) caused by a single exposure event. LD50- lethal dose 50% or the dose required to kill 50% of a population of lab animals. LC50- Lethal concentration of a substance in air or water required to kill 50% of a population of lab animals.
37
Oxidizer- Can burn without air, or can intensify fire in combustible materials.
38
Explosive- May explode if exposed to fire, heat, shock, friction.
39
Corrosive- May cause skin burns and permanent eye damage.
40
Gasses under Pressure- Gas released may be very cold. Gas container may explode if heated.
41
Flammable- if exposed to ignition sources, sparks, heat. Some substances may give off flammable gases.
42
Toxic to Aquatic- may additionally cause long lasting effects in the environment.
43
Toxic- material which may cause life threatening effects even in small amounts and with short exposure.
44
May cause serious and prolonged health effects on short or long term exposure.
45
Irritant- May cause irritation (redness, rash) or less serious toxicity.
46
What are the toxicity levels and classes for the following?
Danger-Poison, Danger, Warning, Caution, and Caution or no signal word
Danger-poison: highly toxic, Hazard Class I
Danger: highly toxic, Hazard Class I
Warning: moderately toxic, Hazard Class II
Caution: slightly toxic, Hazard Class III
Caution or no signal word: Hazard Class IV
47
What are the LD50 oral trace amounts of the following signal words?
Danger-poison, Danger, Warning, Caution, Caution or no signal word
Danger-Poison: Trace to 50 mg/l
Danger: N/A
Warning: 50-500 mg/l
Caution: 500-5,000 mg/l
Caution or no signal word: is greater than 5,000 mg/l
48
What are the LD50 Dermal trace amounts for the following signal words?
Danger-Poison, Danger, Warning, Caution, Caution or no signal word
Danger-Poison: Trace to 200 mg/l
Danger: N/A
Warning: 200 to 2,000 mg/l
Caution: 2,000 to 20,000 mg/l
Caution or no signal word: greater than 20,000 mg/l
49
What are the LC50 inhalation levels for the following signal words?
Danger-Poison, Danger, Warning, Caution, Caution or no signal word
Danger-Poison: Trace to .2
Danger: N/A
Warning: .2 to 2 mg/kg
Caution: 2 to 20 mg/kg
Caution or no signal word: greather than 20 mg/kg
50
What does each of the signal words mean in plain english?
Danger-Poison, Danger, Warning, Caution, Caution or no signal word
Danger-Poison: a few drops to 1 teaspoon could kill
Danger: based on corrosive or irritant properties of the product
Warning: \*1 ounce to 1 pint or 1 pound is toxic
Caution or no signal word: Slight toxicity to no toxicity
51
What are some of the signs and symptoms of poison or toxicity in a person?
1. Dizziness
2. Headache
3. Blurred Vision
4. Sweating too much
5. Stomach Cramps and Vomiting
6. Eye irritation
7. Skin Rashes
8. Trouble Breathing
9. Chest Pains
52
What should you bring with you when going to receive emergency medical help?
You should bring the pesticide label or EPA registration number with you.
53
What should you do in an emergency?
1. Ensure individual is breathing and exposure to the pesticide has stopped
2. Call emergency services
3. Protect yourself from pesticide exposure
4. If certified, CPR
54
What are the key points of administering first aid to a victim of pesticide exposure?
1. Remove all contaminated clothing immediately.
2. Rinse the exposed area with water to dilute the pesticide and prevent skin absorption.
3. Was the affect area including hair, with water and soap.
4. If skin has chemical burns, cover the area loosely with a clean, soft cloth. Do not use ointments, greases, powders, and other medications unless instructed to do so by a medical authority.
5. Do not induce vomiting unless label indicates to do so.
6. If inhalation exposure has occured, get the victim to fresh air immediately.
55
What are the first aid steps for pesticide exposure to the eyes?
1. Hold the eyelid open and immediately begin gently washing the eye with drips of clean water. Do not use chemicals or drugs in a the wash water unless instructed to do so by a medical professional or a poison control center.
2. Drip the water acress- not direction into- the eye, or use an eyewash dispenser.
3. Continuously rinse the eye for 15 minutes. If only one eye is affected, be careful not to contaminate the other eye.
4. Flush under the eyelid with water to remove debris.
5. Cover the eye with a clean piece of cloth and seek medical attention immediately.
56
What are the steps to take for first aid for Inhaled Pesticide exposure?
1. Immediately carry the victim to fresh air
2. Do not attempt to rescue someone who in an enclosed, contaminated are unless you are wearing appropriate PPE.
3. Warn other people in the area of the danger.
4. Have the victim lie down and loosen his or her clothing.
5. Keep the victim warm and quiet. Do not allow him or her to become chilled or overheated.
6. If the victim is vonulsing, protect his or her head, turn the head to the side, and watch that breathing continues. do not attempt to inser anything into the person's mouth during a seizure.
7. Keep the person's chin up to ensure that air passages are open for breathing.
8. Give artificial respiration if breathing stops or is irregular.
57
What are the first aid steps for mouth or swallowing exposure of pesticides?
1. If pesticide is in someone's mouth, but has not been swallowed, rinse the mouth with plenty of water. Then, give the victim large amounts of milk or water to drink.
2. If the pesticide is swallowed, one of the most critical first aid decisions is whether to induce vomiting. induce vomiting only if the label instructs you to do so. Several pesticides cause more harm when vomited than if they remain in the stomach. To provide first aid for swallowed pesticide, you must know the appropriate treatment. The decision to induce vomiting must be made quickly and accurately.
58
When do you not induce vomiting?
1. Person is unconscious or having convulsions.
2. Has swallowed a corrosive poison, such as a strong alkali or acid. The material burns the throat and mouth as severely coming up as it did going down. Also, it can be aspirated into the lungs and cause more damage.
3. Has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate or oil solution product, which is dissolved in petroleum solvents. Emulsifiable concentrates and oil solutions may be fatal if aspirated into the lungs during vomiting.
59
What is the primary difference between heat stroke and heat exhaustion?
Heat Stroke: Dry, hot skin and very high body temperature
Heat Exhaustion: Moist clammy skin and normal or subnormal temperatures
60
What are some symptoms of heat stress?
Fatigue
Dizziness
Clammy or hot skin
Confusion, slurred speech, argumentative, irrational
Headache
Nausea
Chills
Severe thrist and dry mouth
Heavy sweating
61
What are the two typs of respirators most often required for protection from pesticide exposure?
Atmosphere supplying (oxygen tank) and air-purifying respirators (filtered air)
62
What are 2 different types of air-purifying respirators?
Powered and non-powered
63
What is a NIOSH "TC"?
It is a designation which indicates the correct respirator to use for the pesticide.
64
What steps do you take to clean contaminated clothing?
1. Use a heavy-duty liquid detergent for EC's (emulsifiable concentrate)
2. Use 2 cycles for moderate to heavy contamination.
3. Rinse the washer with an "empty load"
65
What are the two main types of drift when using pesticides?
Particle Drift and Vapor Drift
66
What are the consequences of drift?
1. Damage to susceptible off-target sites
2. Reduce pest control, which wastes pesticide and money
3. Contaminate the environment
67
What is the term for a spray nozzles average droplet size?
Volume Mean Diameter (VMD)
68
What are the standard spray droplet spectrum categories, their symbols, and their color code?
Extra Fine- XF- Purple
Very Fine- VF- Red
Fine- F- Orange
Medium- M- Yellow
Coarse- C- Blue
Very Coarse- VC- Green
Extra Coarse- XC- White
Ultra Course- UC- Black
69
What factors cause drift to occur?
1. Sprayer droplet size
2. Temperatures over 85 degrees
3. Wind speed and direction
4. Nozzle height
5. Temperature Inversion: exists when air at ground level is cooler than the air above it.
70
What are the 4 characteristics of a pesticide?
1. Solubility
2. Adsorption
3. Persistence
4. Residue
71
What are the three ways that pesticides are broken down or degraded?
1. Chemical Degradation: chemical reaction which usually occurs with water.
2. Microbial Action: breakdown of chemicals by soil micro-orgaminsms, such as fungi or bacteria.
3. Photodegredation: breakdown of chemicals by sunlight.
72
What does volatility mean in regards to pesticides?
The tendency of a pesticide to turn into a gas or vapor.
73
What are the two terms for how a pesticide enters a water source?
1. Runoff: an example is rain may bring the pesticide to a larger water source.
2. Leaching: downward movement through the soil.
74
What are the 4 soil characteristics which affect a pesticide's potentional for leaching (downward movement through the ground into a water source)?
1. Texture and structure (Clay versus Rocks versus Sand)
2. Organic Matter
3. Depth to groundwater
4. Geology (permeability of layer between surface soil and groudwater)
75
How far away from a water source should you be before mixing and loading a pesticide?
50 feet or more
76
How do you prevent backflow when adding water to a pesticide mixing tank?
Keep a layer of air between the nozzle and container contents. Do not stick the nozzle directly into the product or mixture as it fills up.
77
When transporting pesticides what should be in the vehicle or immediately available?
1. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS or SDS): The sheets will contain safety information, proper response to accidents/exposures, and phone numbers to call.
2. A spill kit should always be available.
3. If appropriate a placard should be placed on the vehical with the correct markings and Department of Transportation (DOT) placement guidelines.
78
When must a vehical be placarded?
1. Bearing a DOT poison lable.
2. In containers larger than 119 gallons.
3. In quantities greater than 1,000 pounds.
79
What are the characteristics of a well-designed pesticide storage site?
1. Limits access
2. Permits better inventory control
3. Protects people from exposure
4. Reduces the chance of environmental contamination
5. Prevents damage to pesticides from temperature extremes and moisture
6. Safeguards pesticides from theft, vandalism, and unauthorized use.
7. Allows fire departments to know the location of products
8. Is preferrably in a separate storage area from workers, people, records, etc.
9. Well-lit so responders may read the labels quickly
10. Floor is non-porous to trap spills
80
What should be apart of your emergency response plan for spills, contamination, or exposures?
1. Designate an emergency coordinator
2. Post list of names and phone numbers in the office, shop, and truck.
3. Prepare : a form of critical information for emergency personnel, facility map, and area map
4. Keep an inventory of chemicals stored at the facility
5. Maintain the emergency equipment and supplies need to respond to fires and spills
6. Train all employees how to execute the response plan each year
81
What is the acronym for using a fire extinquisher?
P- pull the pin
A- aim at the base fo the fire
S- squeeze the operating handle
S- sweep from side to side
82
What steps should be taken in the event of a fire outbreak?
1. Evacuate the building
2. Notify the fire department
3. Provide emergency response teams with SDS, labels, emergency plan, and site map
4. Follow instruction given by on site incident commander
5. Establish a securtiy perimeter
6. contain contaminated runoff water and leaking pesticide onsite by building berms
7. Consult with emergency responders to decide whether to allow the fire to burn out
8. Call your insurance agent
9. Make all regulatory phone calls required by state and federal agencies
83
What are the application procedures?
1. Clear all people and pets from the area
2. Remove all toys and pet dishes from the area and cover furniture, swimming pools, and birdbaths
3. Ensure the pesticide is reaching the target surface
4. Apply the pesticide evenly and in the correct amount
5. Ensure pesticide maintains a uniform mix or appearnce
6. Check hoses, valves, nozzles, hoppers, and other quiepment parts often during application
7. Turn spray equipment off when you pause for any reason
8. Check the label for any post-application requirements
84
What are the two main types of herbicides when it comes to activation?
1. Soil active- generally affect seed emergence or seedling growth
2. Foliar active- controls weeds through contact with leaves and stems after the plants have emerged
85
What are the different types of herbicides?
Soil-applied herbicide: affect seed emergence or seedling growth
Foliar-applied herbicides: control weeds through contact with leaves and stems after the plant has emerged
Pre-plant herbicides: applied before seeding
Pre-emergence herbicides: applied before weed germination to form a barrior at or just below the soil surface
Post-emergence herbicides: applied directly to emerged weeds
Foliar-applied herbicides: effective generally against young weed seedling.
86
What is a persistent herbicide and what are the considerations an applicator should take into account when applying a persistent herbicide?
Persistent herbicide (residual herbicide) are stable chemicals which do not change for a long period of time after applicaiton.
87
What are the classifications of the three pesticides used to control plant disease agents?
1. Fungicide
2. Bactericides
3. Nematicides
88
What are the different classificaitons for fungicides?
Protectant fungicides: applied before an infection period begins to protect leaves, fruit, etc. from becoming infected.
Curative or eradicant fungicides: have the ability to inhibit or stop the development of infections that have already started
Uni-site fungicides: target a specific function of fungal development so they are very prone to resistance development
Multi-site fungicides: act on several functions of fungal development
Broad-spectrum: active against many fungal pathogens
Narrow-spectrum: effective against only a few types of fungi
Systemics: move form the application site to plant parts where disease is occuring
Locally systemic: pesticides enter the plant where they land and move only a short distance
Bactericides- kill bacteria
Nematicides- control diseases caused by nematodes
89
What are the four factors affecting fungicide performance?
1. Timing- if the fungicide is not sprayed in time the battle is lost as most fungicides prevent not cure fungal diseases
2. Water volume- increased water volume has a greater effect on fungicide performance.
3. Double Nozzles
4. Travel Speed
90
What are some types of insecticides?
Cholinesterase inhibitors: interfere with nerve impulse transmission at the synapse gap
Bacterial toxins: produced by certain soil microorganisms
Botanical insecticides: are defensive chemicals extracted from plants and used for pest control
Insect growth regulators: chemicals based on hormones that regulate arthropod development
91
What are the 6 ways insecticides enter the body of the insect?
1. Direct Contact (sprayed on insect)
2. Secondary or indirect contact (touching surface with insecticide)
3. Ingestion
4. Repellents
5. Fumigants
6. Pheromones
92
What are the two spectrums of insecticides?
broad and narrow spectrum
93
What are some other pesticides?
Molluscicides: used to kill slugs and snails
Rodenticides: used to kill rodents
Avicides: kill nuisance birds
94
Category 3
What should be recorded by the applicator and how long should the record be kept?
1. Brand Name
2. Pesticide Used
3. Fertilize rate and analysis
4. Reason for use
5. Concentration of end use product applied to lawn, rate of application, and the total gallons of end use product applied to the lawn
6. Any special instructions appearing on the label of the lawn chemical product applicable to the customers use of the lawn following applicaiton and any other precautionary or hazard information appearing on the label as applicable to the end use concentration
7. Name and the state of the applicator license or certificate number of the individual actually making the application
8. Customer name, address, and date of application
9. Total area of lawn treated
95
Category 3
What should be done immediately after the application of a pesticide to a lawn?
Placement of a 4x5" white sign attached to a dowel or other support mechanism of not less than 12 inches on the yard.
The sign should read
LAWN CARE APPLICATION- PLEAST STAY OFF THE GRASS UNTIL DRY" with letters no less than 3/8" in height
96
Category 3
When may a lawn marker be removed and by who after 24 hours of a pesticides/fertilizer treatment?
The lawn marker may be removed by the owner, resident, or other person authorized by the owner 24 hours after application.
97
Category 3
How many and where should lawn markers should be placed for:
A property of 3 families or less?
Properties other than residential properties of three families or less?
For properties of 3 families or less one marker should be placed in a conspiciuos area.
For other properties than residential property of three families or less the signs should be placed at all entry points to the property.
98
What should be placed after treating landscape ornamentals?
Place a marker at a prominent location in the ornamentals that reads "PESTICIDES HAVE BEEN APPLIED - PLEASE STAY OUT OF TREATED AREA" in letters easily readable and not less than three-eighths (3/8) inches in height.
99
Where should the markers be placed on a Gold Course and what should the markers read?
The markers should be placed on hole 1 and 10.
A four (4) inch by five (5) inch white sign attached to the upper portion of a dowel or other supporting device of not less than twelve (12) inches in length. Lettering on the golf course marker shall be in a contrasting color and shall read on one side "PLANT-REGULATING MATERIALS HAVE BEEN APPLIED. IF DESIRED, YOU MAY CONTACT THE GOLF COURSE SUPERINTENDENT FOR FURTHER INFORMATION" in letters easily readable and not less than three-eighths (3/8) inches in height.
100
What is a person who's residence is adjacent to a Golf course entitled to?
Advanced notification of pesticide applicaiton.
101
What are the 4 plant development stages?
1. Seedling
2. Vegetation (rapid growth)
3. Reproductive
4. Maturity (typically sheds seeds and dies)
102
What are the three types of plants? (ennials)
1. Annual Plants (complete life cycle in one season)
2. Biennials (require two seasons)
3. Perennials (grow for 3+ years)
103
What are the four plant classifications?
1. Grasses-have only one leaf as they emerge from the soil. Their leaves are two-ranked and typically upright, narrow with parallel veins. Grass stems are round and hollow.
2. Sedges- resemble grasses but they have triangular stems with three rows (ranks) of leaves. Typically, sedges are
listed under the grass section of an herbicide label.
3. Lilies-resemble grasses and sedges but they have long, linear leaves and reproduce from underground bulbs.
4. Broadleaves-eedlings have two leaves (cotyledons) as they emerge from the soil. The leaves are generally broad with net-like veins.
104
What type of grass is this?
What encourages growth?
When does germination begin?
Where does it thrive?
Is it a Summer or Winter annual?
1. Crabgrass
2. Alternating wet, dry soil surface in spring
3. Mid April
4. Sparse turfgrass stand, low mowing, heavy traffic, and full of sun areas.
5. Summer Annual
105
What type of grass is this?
Where does it tyically grow?
How does it spread?
Is it a summer or winter annual?
1. Foxtail
2. Heavy traffic areas, full of sun, and low mowing
3. Bushy, cylinderical seed head at top of stem
4. Summer annual
106
What type of grass is this?
When does it germinate?
Where does it grow best?
Is it a summer or winter annual?
1. Goosegrass
2. May to June
3. Sparse turgrass stand, low mowing, compacted soil
4. Summer Annual
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What plant is this?
When does it germinate?
Where does it grow best?
Is it a summer or winter annual?
1. Common Knotweed
2. Early Spring
3. Heavy traffic, along roads or driveways
4. it is a summer annual
108
What type of weed is this?
When does it germinate?
How does it spread itself?
Where does it grow best?
Is this a summer or winter annual?
1. Annual bluegrass
2. Fall to early spring
3. Produces seed heads even with low mowing
4. Irrigated turf and moist shade
5. Winter annual
109
What type of weed is this?
When and how does it grow?
Is it a summer or winter annual?
1. Common chickweed
2. From seed in autumn and creeping stems
3. Winter annual
110
What type of weed is this?
How does it spread?
Where does it thrive?
Is it a summer or winter annual?
1. Henbit
2. From seed and roots form lower joints
3. Moist soil in shade
4. Winter annual
111
What type of weed is this?
How does it grow and spread?
Where does it thrive?
Is it an annual or perennial?
1. Broadleaved plantain
2. From seeds and new shoots from tapoot
3. weak, thin turf
4. It is a perennial
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What type of weed is this?
How does it grow and spread?
Where does it thrive?
Is it an annual or perennial?
1. White Clover
2. From seed and creeping stems
3. Can survive close mowing
4. Perennial
113
What type of weed is this?
How does it grow and spread?
Where does it thrive?
Is it an annual or perennial?
1. Wild Garlic
2. From underground bulbs and aboveground bulbets
3. Poorly maintained or thin turf
4. Perennial
114
What type of weed is this?
How does it grow and spread?
Where does it thrive?
Is it an annual or perennial?
1. Yellow Nutsedge
2. From seed, rhizomes, and tubers
3. Wet Soil
4. It is a perennial
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What type of weed is this?
How does it spread and grow?
Where does it thrive?
Is it an annual or perennial?
1. Nimblewill
2. Stolon root at nodes produce dense stands
3. Especially in Kentucky bluegrass and mowing is not effective
4. Perennial
116
What type of weed is this?
How does it grow and spread?
Where does it thrive?
Is this an annual or perennial?
1. common dandelion
2. From seeds and root shoots
3. N/A
4. It can be either perennial or annual
117
What type of weed is this?
How does it grow and spread?
Where does it thrive?
Is it an annual or perennial?
1. Wild Violet
2. From seed and underground root
3. In shade
4. It can be either annual or perennial
118
What are the 3 stages of growth for insects and what is the process called?
1. Egg
2. Nymph/Larva
3. Adult
The process is called metamorphosis
119
What is distinct about the process of metamorphosis for a butterfly, moth, beetle, etc?
The metamorphosis is considered a complete metamorphosis and has 4 stages.
1. Egg
2. Larva
3. Pupa
4. Adult
120
How are insects categorized in regards to how they eat plants?
1. Piercing-sucking
2. Chewing
3. Rasping plant tissue (vampire)
121
What type of insect is this?
Which category of damage does this insect fall under?
What is noteworthy about how it eats or its features?
1. Aphid (arthropod)
2. Piercing-sucking
3. It is a sap feeder that falls under piercing-sucking categorization. Much of what they eat is not process in their digestive system and is excreted as "honeydew" which is a sticky. This may lead to sooty mold growing to the deposits.
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What type of insect is this?
What type of feeder is this insect?
What is notable about this insect?
When should you treat or retreat plants to control for this insect?
1. Scale Insect
2. Piercing-sucking
3. Scale insects are arthropods that do not have legs, eyes, or antennae. They reproduce by spawning "crawlers" which move out from undereneath the mother and finding a place of their own to latch on to plant. At which point the "crawler" loses it's eyes, antennae, and legs. It spends the rest of it's life this way. They then build a large shell or waxy coat around themselves.
3. Two to three weeks after the initial treatment.
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What type of insect is this?
What type of feeder is this insect?
What is special about this insect?
1. Mite (arthropod)
2. Piercing-sucking
3. Mites are not insects, but their damage and the methods of control are similar. They have 8 legs and 1 body region. Damage usually appears as a dusty appearance on foilage.
124
What type of insect is this?
What type of feeder is this insect?
What is special about this insect?
1. Japanese beetle
2. Chewing
3. The larvae stage of the Japanese beetle is a white grub that feeds below ground on plant roots and is a serious pest to turfgrasses.
125
What type of insect is this?
What type of feeder is this insect?
What is special about this insect?
1. Bronze birch borer (arthropod)
2. Chewing
3. The beetle leaves "galleries" underneath the bark and usually causes serious damage to host plants. Girdled plants usually die.
126
What type of insect is this?
How does this insect feed?
What is special about this insect?
1. Fall webworm (caterpillar)
2. Chewing
3. They build tents at ends of branches. They are generally easily controlled if in a small number by removing them. If there are to many either burning them with a torch, cutting the ends off the branches, or pesticides will kill them.
127
What type of insect is this?
How does it eat?
What is special about this insect?
1. Clearwing Moths (Caterpillar)
2. Chewing and boring
3. This moth resembles a wasp or hornet. The larvae bore through the cambial layer, causing stress, decline, and occasionally the deth of a plant. Dogwoods, lilacs, and ash are affected by clearwing borers.
128
What type of insect is this?
How does it eat?
What is special about this insect?
1. Sawflies (caterpillar)
2. Chewing
2. They are wasp-like inseects and are related to typical wasps, bees, and ants. The larval stages of most sawflies resemble naked caterpillars, but they have more than 5 pairs of fleshy legs on the body while caterpillars have 4 sets or less. Some sawfly larvae are sluglike in appearance such as the pear or rose slug. Additionally, some sawflies eat the entire leaf and other skeletonize the leaf. A few types are wood borers or leaf miners. They differ by having fleshy abdominal legs. The most dangerous in KY are ones that feed on coniferous shrubs and trees in packs.
129
What type of insect is this?
How does it eat?
What is special about this insect?
1. Flatheaded borers (Caterpillar Moth or Beetle)
2. Chewing
3. The larvae make winding tunnels beneath the bark, detroying phloem and combium which girdle the trunk or branch. The tunnels may be visible externally as spiral ridges or cankers on the limbs or trunks.
130
What type of insect is this?
How does this insect eat?
What is special about this insect?
1. Clearwing Borer
2. Chewing
3. They are delicate, day-flying moths that resemble small wasps. The moths feed only on nectar or not at all, so they do not do damage. The larvae are whitish, hairless caterpillars with brong head. There are a number of different species, but the most damaging clearwing borer are associated with dogwood, lilac, ash, oak, rhododendron, and ornamental Prunus species which include flowring peach, plums, and cherries.
131
What type of insect is this?
What is special about the insect?
1. White grub
2. This is the larval stage of certain beetles and chafers. They cause damage because they eat the grass roots and during the hottest part of the season the grass dies from needing water which it can't absorb because of its roots being damaged.
132
What insect is this?
What is special about this insect?
1. Sod Webworm
2. They graze baseball-sized patches of grass that turn brown and die. Dirty silk tubes containing the inch-long caterpillar or pupa can usually be found in the thatch of killed spots. The adut stage of the pest is a small buff moth. There are up to 3 generations per year.
133
What is the name of this insect?
What is special about this insect?
1. Armyworm
2. They move across areas in groups striping grasses in their path. Fescue is more often attacked than bluegrass.
134
What insect is this?
What is special about this insect?
1. Cutworm
2. Cutworms occur in turf and some are hard distinguish from armyworms based on body characteristics. However, they never occur in large numbers as armyworms do.
135
What is this insect?
What is special about this insect?
1. Pink spotted lady beetle
2. This insect feeds on aphids, mites, insect eggs, and small larvae. Plant pollen make up to 50% of the diet.
136
What is this insect?
What is special about this insect?
1. Multicolored Asian lady beetle
2. The large orange lady beetle with variable number of spots. It can be recognized by the black 'M' on the white segment over the head. Aggregations of these insects find their way into homes and can ruin rugs and furniture.
137
What type of insect is this?
What is special about this insect?
1. Convergent lady beetle
2. Important natural enemy of aphids, scales, thrips, and other soft-bodied insects. It will also feed on pollen and nectar from flowers when prey is scarce. Larger larvae are voractious feeders and may consume between 30 and 50 aphids per day.
138
What is this insect?
What is special about this insect?
1. Seven-spotted lady beetle
2. A medium-sized, orange beetle with seven black spots. it is a European specias that was introduced into the US to aid in managing some aphid pests.
139
What is this insect?
What is special about this insect?
1. Spider
2. Natural predators that feed on many types of prey including pest and beneficial species.
140
What is this insect?
What is special about this insect?
1. Beneficial wasp
2. It develops in the bodies of caterpillars. Adult wasps can be very selective when choosing prey.
141
What is going on in this picture?
What type of creature causes this?
1. Worm castings (undigested soil)
2. Earthworms and nightcrawlers are abundant in soil. These annelids help to recycle organic matter and their burrows allow osygen and water to enter the soil more easily. However, when many are present their activities and casting can csue the surface to be very lumpy. In additon, new species are beginning to appear in some locations. These worms can cause significant problems in lawns, athletic fields and on golf greens.
142
What is this creature?
What is important about this creature?
1. Skunk
2. Skunks damage turf when they discover abundant white grub populations. Skunks dig through the sod and feed on the white grubs, thereby uprooting the sod and aggravating the damage already begun by the grubs. Skunks also may spray a disagreeable smelling substance on unwary people or pets who disturb them.
143
What is this creature?
What is important about it?
1. Birds
2. Birds and expecially crows, starlings, and grackles commonly tear up infested turf in search of grubs. Flocks of blackbirds fequenting a turfe sit, or holes left in the turf by their beaks, may indicate a grub problem.
144
What is this animal?
What is important about this animal?
1. Mole
2. Moles feed primarily on eartworms, but they may also feed on white grubs, wireworms, beetles, and many other invertebrates. They do not feed on plant roots or other underground plant growth. However, as they tunnel along in their surface runs, moles damage turf roots and may destroy newly seeded lawns. In established turf, the mower may skin the tops of the runs and dull the mower blad as well as create gaps in the sod. Moles also tunnel deep, throwing the excavated soil out of surface openings, thus forming moldhills.
145
What is a plant disease?
Any harmful condition that affects a plant's appearance or function.
146
What is a pathogen?
Fungi, fungus-like water molds, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes that cause infectious diseases of ornamentals and turf?
147
How do pathogens spread?
Wind, rain, animals, soil, nursery grafts, vegetative propagation, contaminated equipment and tools, infected seed stock, pollen, dust storms, irrigation water, and people.
148
When does infection begin?
When a pathogen enters the plant.
149
What are symptoms?
Visible reactions of the plants affected by pathogens.
150
What is a host-specific pathogen?
A pathogen that only infects a specific host
151
What are the parts of the disease triangle?
152
What are the three ways plants respond to pathogens?
1. Overdevelopment of tissue
2. Underdevelopment of tissue
3. Tissue death (blight, leaf spot, wilting, and cankers)
153
What is an abiotic problem?
A symptom of adverse growing conditions such as extreme cold leading to frost damage that produces similar symptoms to a pathogen.
154
What is the difference between a symptom and a sign in regard to plant infections?
Symptom- the host plant's reaction to the disease
Signs- visible presence of the disease agent
155
What is a fungi?
a multi-celled microb that can either feed on living green plants or on dead organic matter.
156
How do fungi spread?
Fungi spread through fungal spores which require adequate moisture and the optimal air temperature in order to begin new infections.
157
What is being shown in the picture?
A fungal leaf spot.
158
What is being observed in this picture?
Leaf blights from a fungal infection. Leaf blights are generally less regular shaped than leaf spots.
159
What is being observed in the picture?
Rusts which often produce spots called pustules thar are similar to leaf spots. Pustules may be on either side of a leaf survace and will leave a rust like appearance on your fingers when touched.
160
What is being observed in the picture?
Powder mildew. The most common symptom is the white or gray layer of fungal growth produced on surfaces of the plant leaves and stems. Crooked stems or bubbled and curled leave may develop if plant buds or very young tissue are infected. Powdery mildew fungi are host specific.
161
What is being observed in the picture?
Leaf gall diseases which are caused by fungi and are favored by cool, moist weather. When leaves die and fall to the ground they become a source of spores. Most galls seen on plants are caused by insects or mites, however.
162
What is being observed in this picture?
Root rot. The first signs are yellowing of leaves or wilting. Attempts to correct the problem with fertilizers and water generally yeild little or no response. In order to identify the disease the soil must be carefully dug up around the tree and roots observed for decay which is generally brown to black or mushy/spongy.
163
What is being observed in the picture?
Stem rot/Stem blight
The pathogens commonly associated with stem rot of ornamentals include the fungus-like water molds Pythium and Phytophthora, and the fungi Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium, and Botrytis. All are common soil inhabiting fungi. Once soild is infected with soilborne fungi it is difficult to disinfest soil. Plants with stem rot show early symptoms of wilt.
Damping-off, a similar disease of seedlings, kills ornamental seedlings during the first few weeks after seed germination.
164
What is being observed in this picture?
Cankers which are localized sunken lesion areas on trunks, stems, or branches of woody plants. Canker diseases cause bark tissues to shrink and die. Cankers typically begin as small, discolored yellow, brown, or red spots that sometimes appear water-soaked. Fungi which causes cankers usually infect the plant through a wound.
165
What is being observed in this picture?
Vascular Wilt Diseases. Fungal pathogens such as Fusarium, verticillium, and ophiostoma can cause wilting of many ornamental species by restricting the water flow to leaves and stems. Sometimes the disease is caused by toxins by the pathogen and others because fungi builds up in the water-conducting vessels of the plant and block the transportation of nutrients.
166
What is being observed in this picture?
Bacteria, single-celled organsims that usually reproduce by simple cell division, some as often as every 30 minutes. They can build up quickly under warm, humid weather conditions. Lear, growing shoots, and fruit diseases are most common types of this disease in Kentucky.
167
What is being observed in this picture?
Viruses, recognized by their effects on plants. These include stunted growth; change in plant color; abnormal formation of infected roots, stems, leaves, or other fruit. Mosaic diseases, characterized by light and dark blotchy patterns, usaually are caused by viruses. It can be difficult to distinguish between diseases caused by viruses and those caused by other plant disease agents, such as fungi and bacteria. A positive diagnosis requires sophisticated testing, such as inoculating indicator plants and observing the results or using specifically identified antibodies to test for the presence of the organism.
168
What is being observed in this picture?
Nematodes. The life cycle of a nematode includes an egg, several larval stages, and an adult. most larvae look like small adults. In adverse conditions, females of some species form inactive and resistant forms called cysts. The cysts are difficult to penetrate with pesticides and may protect the egg for up to 10 years.
169
What is being observed in this picture?
Helminthosporium leaf spot. It is a common disease problem of Kentucky bluegrass and is often referred to as "melting-out." At a distance leaf spot-affected areas appear chlorotic or yellowed. Individual spots on the leaves have dark margins with tan centers. The spotting is most noticeable in spring and early summer.
170
What is being observed in this picture?
Dollar spot which affects a wide variety of grasses including Kentucky bluegrass, bermuda grass, perennial ryegrass, zoysia, tall fescue, and bentgrasses. The fungus is active throughout the growing season, especially when there is low soil moisture and an excess of dew or fog. It is most prevalent in the spring.
171
What is being observed in this picture?
Pythium blight which is caused by a number of species of the fungus Pythium. The fungus primarily attacks perennial ryegrass and bentgrass although other grasses can be affected. Conditions that favor Pythium blight include abundant moisture and poor air circulation. The disease is most active in hot, humid wather when the night temperature does not go below 70 degrees.
172
What is being observed in this picture?
Brown patch which is a common fungal disease of fescues, perennial ryegrass and bentgrass. It develops most readily when daytime highs exceed 80 degrees fahrenheit and nightime lows are in themid 60's or higher.
173
What is being observed in the picture?
Summer patch which affects Kentucky bluegrass and annual bluegrass. Circular to irregular patches of dead turf up to 1-2 feet in diameter develop during hot weather in mid-late summer. Below ground, roots and crowns of affected plants ar brown and decayed, a result of fungal colonization. A tuft of healthy, green grass is sometimes evident in the center of affected patches, giving them a characteristic "donut" appearance.
174
What is being observed in this picture?
Necrotic Ring Spot which is another disease of bluegrasses with symptoms similar to summer patch. In contrast to summer patch, symptoms of necrotic ring spot can develop following cool, wet weather in late spring or mid-autumn. Necrotic ring spot is less common in Kentucky than summer patch.
175
What is being observed in the picture?
Rust which is a problem on Kentucky bluegrass, fescue, zoysia, perennial ryegrass, and bermuda grasses. Rust infection results from rust spores whcih are blown to the plant from distant areas or from nearby alternate hosts. Large numbers of spores are produced in the leaf spot (pustule). These spores are then the source of new infections. The disease is most fequently found during cool, humid weather during autumn. Grass varieties differe in susceptibility to rust.
176
What is being observed in this picture?
Red thread which is irregularly shpaed patches of blighted turfgrass, ranging from a few inches to a few feet in diameter. often, as diseased leaves turn brown, pink or reddish fungal growth can be observed on the leaf surface or emerging from the cut ends o fleaves. This disease affects most of the common grasses grown in Kentucky and is often found during spring and early summer. The disease is favored by conditions of low nitrogen fertility.
177
What is being observed in the picture?
Mushroom Fairy Ring which can occur in any turf. The ring appears as a circular discoloration of grass from several inches to many yards in diameter. Mushrooms (toadstools) may appear at the edge of the ring during warm, moist periods. The ring of grass is generally a darker green than the grass inside and outside the ring. During periods of moisture stress, the grass inside the ring may die. Fairy rings gradually increase in size.
178
What is being observed in the picture?
Slime molds which are commonly found on lawns in warm, moist weather. This fungal growth on grass leaves may be either a small, crust like, light to dark mass with a sooty appearance or a tan to orange shapeless mass. The fungus causing this unsightly problem does not infect the grass blade. It simply uses it for support. The only effect it has on the plant i sto temporarily reduced food production by the grass leaf is a result of the shade from the slime.
179
What are a few methods of applying pesticides?
1. Band- applied along fence rows or borders, often with a non-selective herbicide to kill all vegetation.
2. Broadcast- the pesticide is uniformly applied over a large area of turfgrass on foot or with motorized equipment.
3. Drench- applications are used to treat specific areas usually with systemic products that are taken up by the root system and moved throughout the plant.
4. Foliar- directed to the leafy portion of a plant.
5. Soil- placed direction on or in the soil instead of on a growing plant.
6. Space treatment- applied in an enclosed area
7. Spot treatment- is an efficient way to treat specific problem areas without treating the entire turf area. Be careful to not walk through sprayed areas when using non-selective herbicides like glyphosate and watch for dripping from the nozzle while walking from site to site to treat.
8. Wiper applicator- can be used to wipe a non-selective herbicide (glyhposate) to selectively kill individual weeds. The wiper's wetness must be less than dripping and handled carefully to avoid accidentlly treating desired plants.
180
What is a pesticide containment pad?
A pad which is installed in an area where pesticides are stored, handled, mix and loaded, or equipment is cleaned. Check with EPA and Kentucky state regulations to determine when a containment pad is required.
181
What are the parts of a pesticide spraying system?
Sprayer, tank, pump, and nozzle.
182
What should you look for when assessing the serviceability of a tank?
1. Scratches
2. Crazing- fine lines or cracks that may look like patchwork, but often cannot be seen with a visual inspection.
3. Cracks
183
What are the parts of a standard nozzle?
1. The nozzle body which holds the strainer and tip.
2. The strainer screen prevents a clogged nozzle.
3. Tip gasket.
4. Spray tip.
5. Cap which holds the nozzle body and tip in place.
184
What does the spray tip do?
Determines the flow rate and droplet pattern.
185
What are three common nozzle spray patterns?
Hollow cone
Flat fan
Full Cone
186
What is a consideration to make when determining where to clean your sprayer equipment?
Do not clean spray equipment in areas where rinse wwater will contaminate water supplies, streams, or injure susceptible plants.
187
What are a few types of sprayers?
1. Backpack sprayer (powered and pump)
2. Hose reel lawn care sprayers.
3. Granular Applicator
188
What are some ways to treat trees without spray?
Pesticides can be applied to the tree trunks, branches, and foliage.
Trunk implants.
Trunk injection
Soil Injection
Trunk Basal Spray- wet lower 5 feet of trunk with a water soluble pesticide
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