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HUMD > Fertilization & Development > Flashcards

Fertilization & Development Flashcards

1
Q

3 Periods

A

Germinal stage, Embryonic period, and Fetal period

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2
Q

First 2 weeks of fertilization

A

Germinal stage

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3
Q

A complex multi-step process that is complete within 24 hours

A

Fertilization

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4
Q

The fertilization takes place in…

A

Fallopian tube

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5
Q

This links an ovary to the uterus

A

Fallopian tube

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6
Q

It takes about ___-___ for the sperm to reach the egg

A

30 - 45 minutes

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7
Q

Phase in the menstrual cycle when the ovary releases an egg (ovum)

A

Ovulation

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8
Q

Ovulation happens on day ____ of a 28-day menstrual cycle

A

Day 14

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9
Q

Estrogen levels rise as a result of increased estrogen production by hormonally active granulosa cells within the follicle

A

Notes lang ito

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10
Q

After ovulation, the egg is capable of fertilization for only 12 to 24 hours

A

Notes

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11
Q

Sperm can remain within the female reproductive tract for

A

5 days

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12
Q

To fertilize an egg, sperm must penetrate the __________ and the ___________

A
  1. corona radiata (granulosa cells)
  2. zona pellucida
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13
Q

What is the glycoprotein layer outside of the oocyte’s plasma membrane

A

Zona pellucida

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14
Q

1mL of sperm normally contains 100 million sperm

A

True

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15
Q

Receptor for the sperm in the zona pellucida

A

Glycoprotein ZP3

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16
Q

After fertilization (at about 24 hours), the zygote begins mitotic division called _______. The first division takes about _______. Successive divisions take less time

A
  1. Cleavage
  2. 6 hours
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17
Q

By the second day after fertilization, a second cleavage is completed yielding _____

A

4 cells

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18
Q

By the end of the______ there are 16 cells. Each division yields smaller and smaller cells (blastomeres).

A
  1. Third day
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19
Q

By the fourth day the cluster of cells resembles a mulberry and is called a ______. It is still surrounded by the zona pellucida and is still the size of the zygote.

A
  1. Morula
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20
Q

On day 4 or 5, the morula enters the uterine cavity and is nourished by uterine milk, a glycogen-rich secretion from endometrial glands in addition to stored nutrients from the cytoplasm.

A

Notes

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21
Q

Occurs when a fertilized egg grows outside the uterus

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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22
Q

At the 32-cell stage (Day 5), the fluid now inside the morula, rearranges the blastomeres into a large, fluid filled blastocyst cavity (blastocoel). The mass is now called a _______

A

Blastocyst

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23
Q

2 different populations arose when blastocyst is formed.
The __________ (inner cell mass) will develop
into the embryo.
The __________ (outer cell mass) will develop
into the outer chorionic sac surrounding the
fetus, and the fetal portion of the placenta.

A
  1. Embryoblast
  2. Trophoblast
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24
Q

The blastocyst remains free in the uterine cavity for about 2 days and then implants by attaching to the endometrium at around 6 days after fertilization.

A

Notes: When the blastocyst is attached to the endometrium, implantation occurs.

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25
Q

True or false:

Implantation usually occurs in either the anterior portion of the fundus or the body of the uterus.

A

False. It occurs in the “posterior” portion of the fundus

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26
Q

True or false:

The outer cell mass orients toward the endometrium

A

False. The “inner” cell mass orients toward the endometrium

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27
Q

After implantation, the endometrium is called the ________.

A

Decidua

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28
Q

About 8 days after implantation, the trophoblast develops into the ____________ and _________.

A. Embryoblast and blastocytes
B. Embryblast and trophoblast
C. Hypoblast and epiblast
D. Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

A

D. Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

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29
Q

At around 8 days, the embryoblast also develops into two layers: _____________ and __________

A. Embryoblast and blastocytes
B. Embryblast and trophoblast
C. Hypoblast and epiblast
D. Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

A

C. Hypoblast and epiblast

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30
Q

Hypoblast means

A

Primitive endoderm

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31
Q

Epiblast means

A

Primitive ectoderm

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32
Q

It surrounds the entire embryo

A

Amniotic fluid

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33
Q

Also on the 8th day, the exocoelomic membrane forms that, together with the hypoblast forms the _________

On the 9th day, small spaces called ________

By the ______ day, they fuse to form _________

A
  1. Yolk sac
  2. Lacunae form
  3. 12th day
  4. Lacunar networks
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34
Q

About the 12th day after fertilization, the
extraembryonic mesoderm develops.

The extraembryonic mesoderm together with the trophoblast forms the chorion which surrounds the embryo and, later, the fetus.

A

Notes

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35
Q

Hormone typically found in identifying pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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36
Q

The chorion:
○ Blocks antibody production by the mother
○ Promotes production of T lymphocytes to
suppress the immune response in the uterus
○ Produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

Notes :)) basahin :)) mo :))

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37
Q

The first major event of the 3rd week of development is ?!

A

Gastrulation!

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38
Q

The two-layered embryonic disc transforms into a trilaminar (three-layered) embryonic disc which are:

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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39
Q

True or false:

Gastrulation is associated with the rearrangement and migration of cells from the hypoblast

A

False: It is from the epiblast

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40
Q

The first step in gastrulation is formation of the _________

A. Primitive streak
B. Primitive node
C. Embryonic disc
D. Notochord

A

A. Primitive streak

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41
Q

It establishes the head and tail ends of
the embryo.

A

Primitive streak

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42
Q

After the cells of the epiblast move inward below the primitive streak and undergo what?

A

Invagination (process of being turned inside out or folded back)

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43
Q

Identify: Endoderm, mesoderm, Ectoderm
1. Epithelial lining of urinary bladder
2. Epidermis of skin
3. Epithelium of oral cavity
4. Muscle
5. Kidneys

A
  1. Epithelial lining of urinary bladder - Endoderm
  2. Epidermis of skin - Ectoderm
  3. Epithelium of oral cavity - Ectoderm
  4. Muscle - Mesoderm
  5. Kidneys - Mesoderm
44
Q

About 16 days after fertilization, the notochordal process forms.

By days 22–24, the process becomes the solid cylinder called the notochord.

The notochord is important for induction, the process whereby the inducing tissue stimulates development of a responding tissue to develop into a specific structure.

The notochord induces the development of vertebral bodies and the nucleus pulposus of the vertebral discs

45
Q

During the 3rd week of development, the following structures form:
○ Oropharyngeal membrane
○ Cloacal membrane
○ Allantois

46
Q

This facilitates gas exchange and serves as a storage site for waste products from the developing fetus

47
Q

This induces development of the neural
plate.

48
Q

The plate develops this when the lateral edges become more elevated

A

Neural fold

49
Q

The depressed mid region of the fold is the __________.

A

Neural groove

50
Q

It is formed when the neural folds approach each other and fuse

A

Neural tube

51
Q

The process of formation of neural fold, groove, and tube is called

A

Neurulation

52
Q

As the neural tube forms, some of the ectodermal cells from the tube migrate to form several layers of cells called the

A

Neural crest

53
Q

At about 4 weeks after fertilization, the head end of the neural tube develops into three enlarged areas called

A

Primary brain vesicles

54
Q

Primary brain vesicles:
1. Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
2. Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
3. Prosencephalon (Forebrain)

55
Q

Subdivision of Prosencephalon (forebrain):

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

56
Q

Structures in the Forebrain—Telencephalon:

A

Cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, hippocampus

57
Q

Structures in the Forebrain—Diencephalon:

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, infundibulum

58
Q

Structures in the Mesencephalon:

A

Tectum, tegementum, crus cerebri

59
Q

Structures in the Hindbrain—Myelencephalon:

A

Medulla oblongata

60
Q

Structures in the Hindbrain—Metencephalon:

A

Pons, cerebellum

61
Q

Subdivision in the Forebrain:

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon

62
Q

By about the 17th day after fertilization, paired, cube-shaped structures called somites form.

By the end of the 5th week, 42–44 pairs are present.

Each somite differentiates into a myotome, dermatome, and sclerotome.

63
Q

A strip of skin supplied by a single nerve

64
Q

A muscle/ group of muscles supplied by a
single nerve.

65
Q

What week does the formation of blood vessels (angiogenesis) begins? Blood islands causes the blood vessels to form

A

At the beginning of the 3rd week

66
Q

On days 18 and 19, the heart begins to develop in the head end of the embryo. It begins in a region of mesodermal cells called the cardiogenic area.

67
Q

The process of forming the placenta.

A

Placentation

68
Q

This structure is the site of exchange of nutrients and wastes between the mother and fetus.

69
Q

Blood circulation in placenta:

A

Maternal-placental (uteroplacental) & fetal-placental (fetoplacental)

70
Q

By the beginning of the 12th week, the placenta has two parts:
○ The fetal portion (chorionic villi)
○ The maternal portion (decidua basalis of the endometrium)

71
Q

All major organs develop between the _____ to ________ (organogenesis).

A

4th through 8th weeks

72
Q

Embryonic folding occurs during the 4th week.

This involves the flat embryo folding into a three-dimensional cylinder.

Five pairs of pharyngeal arches (branchial arches) also develop on each side of the future head and neck regions during the 4th week. Each arch is separated by a pharyngeal cleft.

73
Q

By the middle of the 4th week, ___________ begins to develop.

A

upper limb buds

74
Q

By the end of the 4th week, ___________ and __________ form.

A

lower limb buds and heart prominence

75
Q

The embryo has a tail at what week?

A

At the end of the 4th week

76
Q

During the 5th week, ________ and ________ develop rapidly and the limbs develop further.

A

the brain and head

77
Q

What week the regions of the limbs become distinct and digits appear.

A. 8th week
B. 5th-6th week
C. 10th week
D. 7th week

A

D. 7th week

78
Q

What week does the eyelids come together, the tail disappears, external genitals begin to differentiate and digits are distinct and are no longer webbed.

A. 8th week
B. 5th-6th week
C. 10th week
D. 7th week

A

A. 8th week

79
Q

The fetal period begins at the ____________ after fertilization.

80
Q

True or false:
Tissues and organs that developed during the embryonic period grow and differentiate.

81
Q

Limbs become distinct and digits disappear

A. 5 - 8 weeks
B. 9 -12 weeks
C. 1 - 4 weeks
D. 12th weeks

A

A. 5 - 8 weeks

82
Q

Heart forms and begins to beat

A. 5 - 8 weeks
B. 9 -12 weeks
C. 1 - 4 weeks
D. 12th weeks

A

C. 1 - 4 weeks

83
Q

Face is more humanlike

A. 5 - 8 weeks
B. 9 -12 weeks
C. 1 - 4 weeks
D. 12th weeks

A

A. 5 - 8 weeks

84
Q

Heart becomes four-chambered

A. 5 - 8 weeks
B. 9 -12 weeks
C. 1 - 4 weeks
D. 12th weeks

A

A. 5 - 8 weeks

85
Q

Nose develops and is flat

A. 5 - 8 weeks
B. 9 -12 weeks
C. 1 - 4 weeks
D. 12th weeks

A

A. 5 - 8 weeks

86
Q

Face is broad , with eyes fully developed, closed, and widely separated

A. 5 - 8 weeks
B. 9 - 12 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 17 - 20 weeks

A

B. 9 -12 weeks

87
Q

Gender is distinguishable from external genitals

A. 5 - 8 weeks
B. 9 -12 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 17 - 20 weeks

A

B. 9 -12 weeks

88
Q

Nose develops a bridge

A. 5 - 8 weeks
B. 9 -12 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 17 - 20 weeks

A

B. 9 -12 weeks

89
Q

Head constitutes about half the length of the body

A. 5 - 8 weeks
B. 9 -12 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 17 - 20 weeks

A

B. 9 -12 weeks

90
Q

Head is relatively smaller than the rest of the body

A. 21 - 25 weeks
B. 9 -12 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 17 - 20 weeks
E. 5 - 8 weeks

A

C. 13 - 16 weeks

91
Q

Fetus is even more humanlike

A. 21 - 25 weeks
B. 9 -12 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 17 - 20 weeks
E. 5 - 8 weeks

A

C. 13 - 16 weeks

92
Q

The head is more proportionate to the rest of the body

A. 21 - 25 weeks
B. 17 - 20 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 9 - 12 weeks
E. 5 - 8 weeks

A

B. 17 - 20 weeks

93
Q

Fetal movements are commonly felt by mother (quickening)

A. 21 - 25 weeks
B. 17 - 20 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 9 - 12 weeks
E. 5 - 8 weeks

A

B. 17 - 20 weeks

94
Q

Eyebrows and head hair are visible

A. 21 - 25 weeks
B. 17 - 20 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 9 - 12 weeks
E. 5 - 8 weeks

A

B. 17 - 20 weeks

95
Q

Skin is pink and wrinkled

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 17 - 20 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

D. 21 - 25 weeks

96
Q

Fetuses 24 weeks and older usually survive if born prematurely

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 17 - 20 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

D. 21 - 25 weeks

97
Q

Weight gain is substantial

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 17 - 20 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

D. 21 - 25 weeks

98
Q

Head becomes even more proportionate to rest of body

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 17 - 20 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

D. 21 - 25 weeks

99
Q

Eyes are open

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 26 - 29 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

B. 26 - 29 weeks

100
Q

Toenails are visible

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 26 - 29 weeks
C. 35 - 38 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

B. 26 - 29 week

101
Q

Many fetuses born prematurely during this period survive if given intensive care

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 26 - 29 weeks
C. 35 - 38 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

B. 26 - 29 weeks

102
Q

Skin is pink and smooth

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 17 - 20 weeks
C. 35 - 38 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

A. 30 - 34 weeks

103
Q

Fetus assumes upside-down position

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 35 - 38 weeks
C. 13 - 16 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

A. 30 - 34 weeks

104
Q

Body fat is 8% of total body mass

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 17 - 20 weeks
C. 35 - 38 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

A. 30 - 34 weeks

105
Q

Skin is usually bluish-pink

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 17 - 20 weeks
C. 35 - 38 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

C. 35 - 38 weeks

106
Q

Testes are usually in scrotum in full-term male infants

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 26 - 29 weeks
C. 35 - 38 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

C. 35 - 38 weeks

107
Q

Testes begins to descend toward scrotum

A. 30 - 34 weeks
B. 26 - 29 weeks
C. 35 - 38 weeks
D. 21 - 25 weeks

A

B. 26 - 29 weeks

HUMD (2 decks)

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