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204 Menorrhagia > Fertility and Subfertility > Flashcards

Fertility and Subfertility Flashcards

1
Q

Define fecundity

A

Reproductive rate of an organism or population

Chance of conception

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2
Q

Where is the semen secreted from?

A

Accessory glands - prostate and seminal vesicles

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3
Q

What does semen contain?

A

fructose, glucose, prostaglandins, proteins

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4
Q

What is oligospermia?

A

Low sperm count

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5
Q

What is asthenospermia?

A

Reduced sperm motility

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6
Q

What is azospermia?

A

No sperm in the semen

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7
Q

What acts as a buffer for semen against the acidic vaginal secretions?

A

Seminal fluid

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8
Q

What must occur before sperm can acrosome react? and which part of the egg does the sperm bind to?

A

Capacitation

Zona Pellucida

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9
Q

What are the stages of conception from sperm + egg onwards?

A

Zygote → Embryo → Blastocyst → Hatching blastocyst → Implantation

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10
Q

What do the following differentiate into in the early embryo?

Inner cell mass

Inner trophoblast cells

Trophoblast

A

Inner cell mass → embryo

Inner trophoblast cells → Amnion

Trophoblast cells → Chorion and Syncytiotrophoblast

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11
Q

What are the major causes of subfertility?

A

Ovulation disorder (including PCOS)

Sperm dysfunction

Tubal disease

Endometriosis

Unexplained

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12
Q

What hormone has a surge for ovulation?

A

LH

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13
Q

What is defined as an abnormal length of period?

A

<21 days or >35 days

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14
Q

What hormone is required to maintian the lining (increase thickness) for pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

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15
Q

What is the difference between PCO and PCOS?

A

Syndrome must include 2/3 of the following:

Hyperandrogenism

Oligo-ovulation or anovulation

PCO on scan - 11+ follicles measuring 2-9mm on each side

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16
Q

Name three drug types that can be used for ovulation induction

A

Oestrogen antagonists

Gonadotrophins

HCG injection → mimic LH surge

17
Q

Give two examples of oestrogen antagonists. And how do they work?

A

Clomifene Citrate, Tamoxifen

Inhibit negative feedback Rs of oestrogen so that there is no negative effet on gonadotrophin release

18
Q

What is teratospermia?

A

Sperm with abnormal morphology

19
Q

What does intrauterine insemination invovle?

A

Lab procedure to separate fast moving sperm from sluggish/non moving ones

20
Q

What is intracytoplasmic sperm injection?

A

Sperm directly injected into egg

21
Q

What are the most common causes of tubal disease?

A

Chlamydia

Gonorrhoea

22
Q

What are the signs for ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome?

A

Massive ovarian cysts

Ascites

Pleural and pericardial effusions

Hypovolaemia and Thrombosis

204 Menorrhagia (5 decks)

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