Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Complex Care 2 > Fertility and Infertility > Flashcards

Fertility and Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

What issues are involved in fertility and infertility

A

Complex issues:

  • Physical
  • Psychological
  • Economic
  • Social
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are global Factors affecting fertility

A
  • Fertility rates tend to be highest in the least developed countries. Deaths outnumber babies being born
  • Education: educated people (particularly women) tend to have fewer children, wait til later in life for financial stability, and typically raise healthier and more educated children that repeat this cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define: Infertility

A

is “a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define: Primary Infertility

A

When a woman is unable to ever bear a child, either due to the inability to become pregnant or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth she would be classified as having primary infertility.
OR
A women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define: Secondary Infertility

A

Woman who is unable to bear a child, either due to the inability to become pregnant or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth following either a previous pregnancy or a previous ability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth
OR
Those who repeatedly spontaneously miscarry or whose pregnancy results in a stillbirth, or following a previous pregnancy or a previous ability to do so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List factors affecting Infertility in Females

A 
Age
Body fat
Drug use
Alcohol
Medical/ surgical issues
Environmental issues
Socio-economic issues
Cultural issues
Religious issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Factors affecting Infertility in Females

Explain: Age

A
  • increases in age are associated with a decrease in fertility
  • > 35yrs associated with poorer infant outcomes (low birth weight, preterm birth, stillbirth/FDIU, IUGR)
  • Eggs have a higher rate of chromosomal abnormalities as age increases, which increases the likelyhood of miscarriage
  • Eggs production numbers also reduce with age
  • other health conditions developed during their reproductive lifetime can also impact on fertility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some causes of female infertility

A 
Ovulation disorders
Tubal infertility
Endometriosis
Uterine or cervical causes
No known cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List ovulation causes of infertility

A

PCOS
Hypothalmic dysfunction
Hyperprolactinaemia
Premature ovarian insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain: PCOS

A

Poly cystic ovarian syndrome

Causes:
- Genetic & environmental
Symptoms"
- Infertility
- Hirsutism
- Acne
- Obesity
- Pelvic pain
- Acanthosis nigricans (thick dark patches of velvety skin)

(Some symptoms of PCOS result from insulin resistance. Too much insulin causes the production of androgens which leads to PCOS symptoms)

Effects 10% of female population
Diagnosed through haematology and on ultrasound
No cure- but drugs can be given to help increase likelyhood of ovulation, reduce effect of insulin on other hormones required for ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List causes of Tubal infertility

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (chlamydia, ghonorhea and others)
Surgical complications (abdominal or uterine)
Pelvic tuberulosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain: Endometriosis

A

is where the endometrium implants outside the uterus and commonly involves the ovaries, bowel or pelvic tissue

  • Extra uterine endometrial tissue
  • It displaces endometrial tissue and unable to be excreted from the body
  • Can lead to formation of endometriomas around ovaries
  • surrounding tissue can become irritated leading to scar tissue and adhesion formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are uterine or cervical causes of infertility or miscarriages

A
  • Benign Polyps or Tumours: can block the fallopian tubes or disrupting implantation (however women can still become pregnant)
  • Congenital uterine abnormalities: cause problems becoming or remaining pregnant
  • Cervical Stenosis :Inherent malformation or damage to the cervix
  • Incompatible cervical mucous: may prevent sperm form entering the uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List causes of Male infertility

A
  • Sperm production: most common cause. Due to a problem in the sperm production process in the testes. Caused by medications, overheating, chromosomal abnormalities etc
  • Blockage of sperm: sperm is unable to exit the body with the semen during ejaculation
  • Sperm antibodies in semen and/or blood: reduces sperm motility and block egg binding. due to injury, infection or unknown causes
  • Sexual problems: erection or ejaculation problems
  • Hormonal problems:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some complemetnary infertility treatments available

A
  • Weightloss
  • Enhanced nutrition
  • Traditional chinese medicine
  • Antioxidants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define: Assisted reproductive technology (ART)

A

is the use of fertility treatments to concieve

17
Q

What are the objects of the ART Act

A
  • To prevent the commericalisation of human reproduction
  • to protect the interest of the following persons
    • a person born as the result of ART treatments
    • a person providing a gamete for use in ART treatment or for research
    • a women undergoing ART treatment
18
Q

Explain: ART Act

A

aims to achieve their objectives by requiring ART providers to be registered within the NSW Ministry of Health and by setting core standards for the provision of ART treatment.

19
Q

What are the terms of ART act in relation to their objectives

A
  • Gametes can only be used in a manner consistant with the gamete providers consent. The individual remains in control of the use of their own genetic material
  • It prohibits the anonymous donation of gametes and requires ART providers to place information about donors on a central register
20
Q

What are the ART Act infertility treatments

A

Donor Gametes

  • Sperm: healthy 21-41yrs old
  • Ova: 21-35 years old
  • Already had a successful pregnancy and a live birth
  • Embryo: left from previous ART cycles

Surrogacy

  • altruistic surrogacy ONLY
  • Under Aus/NZ law surrogacy agreements are not legally binding. The birth mother of is considered the mother of the child regardless of genetics. Parenting orders or adoptions forms will need to be completed in order to transfer parental rights
21
Q

Define: Donor insemination

A

is the use of donor sperm by a woman

22
Q

What are the different types of ovarian stimulation

A
  • Minimal/natural stimulation: follicular development is stimulated with the use of clomiphene citrate. Lower success rate but reduced cost and drugs needed
  • Clomiphene citrate: drug used
  • Contraceptive pill
  • Down regulation
23
Q

How soon is egg retrieval done after follicle stimulation hormones are administered

A

generally 24-48hrs later under GA or epidural anaesthetic

24
Q

What are frozen eggs/sperm stored in

A

liquid nitrogen

25
Q

How does embryo transfer occur

A

the embryo and transfer media is placed inside the transfer catheter which is inserted into the vagina through the cervix and released inbthe uterine cavity

26
Q

What are some of the complications of IVF

A

Surgical complications
Drug allergy/interaction
Multiple embryos/pregnancies
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

Higher chance of pregnancy complications:
GDM
Pre-eclampsia
Preterm birth

27
Q

Explain: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

A

is a medical condition affecting the ovaries of some women taking fertility medication to stimulate egg growth.

4 types: 
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Critical
28
Q

What are the 4 types of Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

A

MILD: ovaries are enlarged, mild abdominal distension, abdominal pain, nausea
Moderate
Severe: enlarged ovaires, haemoconcentration, thrombosis, distension, respiratory distress
Critical: enlarged ovaries, renal failure, respiratory distress

29
Q

Explain: Clomid (clomiphene citrate)

A

INDICATION
Clomid is indicated for the treatment of ovulatory failure in carefully selected infertile women
who wish to become pregnant. Commonly associated diagnoses include polycystic ovary
syndrome, lactation amenorrhoea syndrome, psychogenic amenorrhoea, certain cases of
secondary amenorrhoea of undetermined aetiology, and post-oral contraceptive
amenorrhoea

DESCRIPTION
The ovulatory response to cyclic Clomid therapy appears to be mediated through increased
output of pituitary gonadotrophins, which in turn stimulates the maturation and endocrine
activity of the ovarian follicle and the subsequent development and function of the corpus
luteum.

Clomiphene citrate is a white to pale yellow powder.

DOSE
The recommended dose for the first course of Clomid is 50 mg (one tablet) daily for five days

SIDE EFFECT
Side effects are dose-related being more frequent and more severe when higher doses of
Clomid are administered.
- Tachycardia, visual disturbances, fatigue,, multiple pregnancies, extra uterine pregnancies..
- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) has been reported in patients receiving Clomid
therapy alone or in combination with gonadotrophins. Rare cases of severe forms of OHSS
have been reported where the following symptoms have occurred: pericardial effusion,
anasarca, hydrothorax, acute abdomen, renal failure, pulmonary oedema, ovarian
haemorrhage, deep venous thrombosis, torsion of the ovary and acute respiratory distress

30
Q

What are some interventions for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy

A
  • Avoid known triggers
  • avoid an empty stomach
  • eat small meals often
  • eat when less nauseous
  • drink small amounts of fluid regularly (2L_
  • have dry crackers before getting up in morning
  • get out of bed slowly
31
Q

List anti-emetic drugs for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy

A

Order of use- depending of efficacy

  • Pyridoxine (VitB6) 25-50mg orally up to 4x daily (200mg/day safe)
  • Metoclopramide 10mg orally 3x daily (category A)
  • Ondansetron tablet or wafer 4-8mg 2-3x daily (category B1)
  • Prednisolone 50mg orally 1x daily for 3 days, then 25mg daily, then 5 mg daily (category A)
32
Q

Explain: Physiological Fertility in woman

A

Birth: 1-2 million oocytes
Puberty: 400 000 oocytes
By 37yrs: 25 000 oocytes
>37yrs: continues to drop over the years until menopause
50yrs: msot owman have approx 1000 oocytes left

33
Q

List common first line investigatory tests for infertility

A

WOMEN:
- cervical smear test
- urinalysis for Chlamydia trachomatis (which may block the fallopian tubes)
- blood test to measure progesterone
- test for rubella (<3months harm to fetus)
- blood test at menstruation to check hormone imbalances such as (Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone,
oestradiol)

MEN:

  • sperm test to check for abnormalities
  • urine test for Chlamydia trachomatis
34
Q

What are the 4 steps of IVF

A

Ovarian stimulation,
Egg recovery, Insemination
Embryo replacement

Complex Care 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions