Fertility And Contraception Flashcards

1
Q

Name three things that are classified as ovulatory disorders in women.

A

Hormonal problems
Scarred ovaries
Follicle problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe some possible hormonal problems that can cause ovulation disorders in women.

A

Failure to produce mature eggs - reduced FSH and increase LH, oestrogen and testosterone. E.g polycystic ovary syndrome
Malfunction of the hypothalamus - GnRH aren’t produced, so neither is FSH and LH
Malfunction of the pituitary gland - impaired gonadotropin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe how scarred ovaries and follicle problems can cause infertility.

A

Scarred ovaries - physical damage can prevent follicle formation
Follicle problems - when the follicle matures every month but fails to leave the ovary (unruptured follicle syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the ways in which uterine tubes can become blocked, scarred or twisted (causing infertility)

A

Infection - inflammation
Abdominal disease - inflammation causes scarring
Previous surgery - scarring
Ectopic pregnancy - in the uterine tubes
Congenital defects - born with tube abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List additional factors that can cause infertility in women.

A
Abnormal uterus -fibroids
Congenital - separate uterus 
Consistency of cervical mucus is too thick for sperm to pass
Diet
Excercise
Smoking
Drugs
Alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can chlamydia cause infertility in both sexes?

A

Women - pelvic inflammatory disease

Men - inflammation of the epididymis and urethral inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why would you perform a cervical smear test?

A

Cervical cancer (unless caught early) will cause infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the different types of contraception.

A
Contraceptive pill
Condors
Intrauterine device 
Intrauterine system 
Vaginal ring
Sterilisation 
Diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the combined contraceptive pill.

A

Contains oestrogen and progesterone
This leads to a decrease in LH and FSH, so the egg can’t develop and isn’t released
Oestrogen also facilitates ovum transport, so the fertile window is smaller
It thickens the cervical mucus so sperm can’t enter as easily
Thins the endometrium so a fertilised egg can’t implant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the progesterone only pill.

A

It thickens the cervical mucus so the spermatogonia can’t get through
Suppresses LH release, so the ovulation is prevented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe condoms

A

Barrier method of contraception
Less effective if one is comes into contact with vagina before use
Make and female version

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the intrauterine device (IUD)

A

This is inserted into the cervix and releases copper
Changes the makeup of the uterine fluids and uterine tube fluid, so the sperm can’t survive
Also stops fertilised eggs form implanting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the intrauterine system (IUS)

A

Similar to IUD, but releases progesterone instead of copper
Thickens the cervical mucus
Thins endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe a vaginal ring

A

Releases oestrogen and progesterone (action like the combined pill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe sterilisation.

A

Either the ovum or the sperm is now being prevented from reaching the uterine tubes or the uterus, so fertilisation can’t occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe a diaphragm.

A

Fits inside the vagina and covers the cervix.
Barrier method of contraception.
Sometimes covered in spermicide

17
Q

How long is the fertility window?

A

Roughly 5 days because the sperm can liver for several days in the women’s reproductive tract, despite the egg only, being in the ampulla for around one day.