fermentation and photosynthesis

Question 1

indicate what determines when cellular respiration or fermentation takes place

Answer 1

cellular respiration takes place when O2 is present, fermentation takes place when O2 is absent

Question 2

be able to describe the basic differences between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. what is the purpose of fermentation?

Answer 2

purpose: keeps glycolysis going (keep making ATP) by replenishing NAD+
in alcoholic fermentation, ethanol and CO2 are produced, while in lactic acid fermentation only lactic acid is produced.
**see notebook for detailed chemical reactions

Question 3

know the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis. identify which reactant gets oxidized and which gets reduced.

Answer 3

photosynthesis:light energy converted to chemical energy
-overall reaction: 6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
the left side is reduced, and the right side is oxidized

Question 4

be able to describe the basic anatomy of a chloroplast

Answer 4

thylakoid: store chlorophyll
granum: stacks of thylakoid
stroma: liquid outside of thylakoids

Question 5

be able to name the 2 stages of photosynthesis, and where in the chloroplast they occur

Answer 5

light reactions: in thylakoid membrane

Calvin cycle: in stroma

Question 6

what is consumed and produced in the light reactions and Calvin cycle

Answer 6

light reactions: uses light energy to produce O2, ATP, and NADH
Calvin cycle: uses ATP, NADH, and CO2 to make carbohydrates

Question 7

know the basic characteristics of light

Answer 7

smaller wavelength = higher energy (violet)
longer wavelength = lower energy (red)
visible light: 380 NM-700 NM

Question 8

chlorophyll is a pigment, know what wavelength/color it does not absorb (reflect)

Answer 8

green, the color that you see is the color reflected

Question 9

know what an absorption spectrum is, what regions (colors) does chlorophyll absorb the most?

Answer 9

absorption spectrum: how much light is absorbed vs. wavelength
chlorophyll absorbs the red and blue spectrum the best

Question 10

be able to identify the three main pigments that are used in photosynthesis

Answer 10

chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and carotenoids

Question 11

what is an action spectrum?

Answer 11

rate of photosynthesis vs. the wavelength

Question 12

be able to describe what happens to electrons held by chlorophyll when it absorbs light

Answer 12

when chlorophyll absorbs light (photons), it excites the electrons in the reaction center from ground level to an excited state, it then goes down the ETC that pumps H+ to make ATP or NADPH

Question 13

be able to define/diagram photosystem

Answer 13

in thylakoid membrane, where chlorophyll absorbs light

Question 14

be able to define/diagram reaction center

Answer 14

complex of proteins, pigments and co-factors that acts as the primary energy conversion center

Question 15

be able to define/diagram light harvesting complex

Answer 15

surrounding chlorophyll’s that capture light energy to funnel it to reaction center

Question 16

be able to define/diagram primary electron acceptor

Answer 16

captures the excited electron and sends them down an ETC

Question 17

be able to name the 2 photosystems and the order in which they function

Answer 17

photosystem 2: first
photosystem 1: second
go in order in which they were found

Question 18

be able to describe, in detail, the way electrons are transferred in a photosystem

Answer 18

diagram in notebook.
-a photon is absorbed by photosystem II, this excites the electron from ground level. this electron travels down an ETC that pumps H+ to make ATP. another photon is absorbed by photosystem I. this excites the electron from ground state. it travels down an ETC which produces NADPH

Question 19

what is the purpose of transferring electrons in the photosystem

Answer 19

to make ATP

Question 20

what compartments in the chloroplast have a high H+ concentration (and hence, a low pH?) a low H+ concentration (and hence, a high pH?)

Answer 20

thylakoids have a higher H+ concentration and lower pH, and the stroma has a lower H+ concentration and a higher pH

Question 21

where are the ATP and NADPH made in the cholorplast?

Answer 21

thylakoid membrane, more specifically the photosystems

Question 22

be able to explain the purpose of the calvin cycle

Answer 22

to convert CO2 to sugar

Question 23

what is the direct sugar product of the calvin cycle

Answer 23

glyceraldehyde - 3 phosphate (G3P)

Question 24

be able to describe the 3 stages of the Calvin cycle

Answer 24

1. carbon fixation: grabbing carbon out of the air
   - 3 CO2 + 3 RuBP = (3) 6 carbon molecules which are extremely unstable, split in half
   - (6) 3-PG
   rubisco fixes carbon
2. reduction
   - (6) 3-PG –> 6 ATP to 6 ADP, 6 NADPH to 6 NADP+
   =6 G3P: one leaves to make other sugars, 5 are recycled to make RuBP
3. regeneration
   5 G3P –> many steps –> 3 RuBP

Question 25

names of chemical intermediates and enzymes you should know:

• RuBP
• 3-PG
• G-3-P
• Rubisco

Answer 25

RuBP: ribulose bisphosphate
3-PG: 3-phosphoglycerate
G3P: glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate
rubisco: most important enzyme to life, at least half of protein content in plants is rubisco

Question 26

what happens to the glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate that leaves the calvin cycle after the reduction step

Answer 26

leaves to make other sugars

Question 27

do plants have mitochondria?

Answer 27

yes