Fermentation and Cell Respiration

Question 1

NADH/FADH2 constantly cycled between what two forms (electrons)

Answer 1

Oxidized and reduced

Question 2

What allows for the recycling of NADH back to NAD+ when the final e- accepter (O2) in ETC is not present

Answer 2

fermentation

Question 3

can fermentation still make ATP

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what is the benefit and drawback of fermentation

Answer 4

benefit: still make ATP
drawback: only minimally oxidizing glucose (to pyruvate) releases little energy; wasting energy in NADH; only 2 net ATP

Question 5

given that fermentation only uses glycolysis, where does it occur in human/eukaryotic cells

Answer 5

CYTOSOL

Question 6

where does each step of cell respiration happens

Answer 6

review cell expiration slides

Question 7

the ATP made during fermentation is generated by

Answer 7

substrate-level phosphorylationth

Question 8

If O2 not present, what final e- accepter?

Answer 8

depends!
human: pyruvate itself
yeast: acetyladehyde

Question 9

what kinds of fermentation happens in human and yeast

Answer 9

human: lactic acid fermentation
yeast: alcoholic fermentation

Question 10

what are produced in fermentation

Answer 10

lactic acid fermentation: lactate/lactic acid
alcoholic fermentation: ethanol

Question 11

where does lactic acid fermentation happen?

Answer 11

muscle cells

Question 12

is responsible for delayed muscle soreness

Answer 12

not lactic acid fermentation

Question 13

what does other types of fermentation often produce

Answer 13

toxic by-product

Question 14

what organisms only use fermentation

Answer 14

obligate anaerobes(fermenting organisms)

Question 15

where does organisms only use fermentation live

Answer 15

oxygen-free environments such as the intestinal tracts of animals, the deep ocean, still waters, landfills, in deep sediments of soil

Question 16

how long can organisms be facultative anaerobes(switch between fermentation and cell respiration)

Answer 16

yeast cells: indefinitely (assuming no buildup of alcohol
human cells: only temporary stopgap(except some tumor strains)

Question 17

in lactic acid fermentation, e- acceptor accepts electrons from what?

Answer 17

NADH

Question 18

except from fermentation (pyruvate and acetylaldehyde) what organisms use different final e- acceptor in ETC, and what does this called

Answer 18

bacteria/archaea
anaerobic respiration

Question 19

in terms of efficiency (ATP/glucose) 排序 anaerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation

Answer 19

fermentation< anaerobic respiration< aerobic respiration

Question 20

why is the aerobic respiration most efficient?

Answer 20

oxygen more electronegative

Question 21

what other carbs except glucose can be used in cellular respiration since they are made by glucose

Answer 21

starch/glycogen

Question 22

why other carbs can be fairly easy to be used?

Answer 22

many monosaccharides fairly easy to interconvert with the right enzyme (glucose and galactose)

Question 23

what is triglycerides/fat composed of

Answer 23

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 24

when does glycerol enters partway? (cell respiration)

Answer 24

glycolysis

Question 25

what happen to fatty acids of triglycerides/fat in cell respiration?

Answer 25

undergo beta oxidation and combine with CoA to form Acetyl CoA and enter citric acid cycle.

Question 26

what is the term describe what happen to triglycerides/fat

Answer 26

lipolysis

Question 27

during beta-oxidation of lipolysis, how many carbs Acetyl CoA need how many carbs of the fatty acids

Answer 27

2

Question 28

what does proteolysis break proteins down to

Answer 28

amino acids

Question 29

what can be part of the reason for why so much protein can be bad

Answer 29

amino acids more variable, but amine group removed

Question 30

when can amino acids enter during cellular respiration

Answer 30

several points (pyruvate, Acetyl CoA, Citric Acid cycle

Question 31

what is produced when breaking down proteins to amino acids? I am not sure about the answer

Answer 31

NH3

Question 32

what is the name of process that involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones and typically release energy

Answer 32

Catabolic pathways

Question 33

what are broken down in the catabolic pathway in the example picture of the slides

Answer 33

carbohydrate: sugar- glucose
fats and phospholipids: glycerol and fatty acids
protein: amino acids

Question 34

what process build molecules

Answer 34

anabolic pathways

Question 35

is nucleotide synthesis and breakdown in anabolic?

Answer 35

synthesis but not breakdown

Question 36

what need energy and what produce energy, anabolic or catabolic?

Answer 36

catabolic produces energy and anabolic requires energy

Question 37

in anabolic citric acid cycle synthesis amino acids, true or false

Answer 37

false, substrates for amino acid synthesis

Question 38

ROS