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Urogenital Histology > Fenale Reproductive System > Flashcards

Fenale Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Unilaminar 1ry follicle, follicular cells become……..

A

Cubical then columnar cells, still form one layer of epithelium that encircles the oocyte

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2
Q

List layers of multilaminar 1ry follicles

A
  1. Corona radiate: one layer of columnar cells
  2. Granulosa cells: many layers of polygonal cells surround the corona radiatawhich surround corona radiata
    Oocyte enlarges to double its size, acquires more glycogen granules & it is surrounded by zona pellucida
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3
Q

Zona pellucida contains glycoproteins including………whose function

A

ZP3 & ZP4
Important sperm receptors that bind specific proteins on sperm surface & induce acrosomal reaction

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4
Q

Zona pellucida is traversed by……..

A

It is taversed by cytoplasmic processes of follicular cells & by microvilli projecting from oocyte come in contact with each other forming gap junctions.

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5
Q

In 2ry follicles, Spaces between follicular cells are filled with…….& stromal cells surround follicles forming……

A

Liquor foliculi
Theca interna & theca externa (theca foliculi)

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6
Q

Compare theca interna & externa

A

Externa: is formed of dense fibrous CT & smooth muscle fibers & is less vascular
Interna: vascular & ccellular, cells are spindle-shaped & secrete androstenedione that is transformed to estogen by aromatase in granulosa cells, they have receptors for LH & have ultra-structure of steroid secreting cells.

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7
Q

List derivatives of the follicular cells

A
  1. Membrana granulosa that lines the follicular cavity. It is formed of layers of rounded or polygonal cells with acidophilic cytoplasm & central rounded nuclei
  2. Cumulus oophorous these are a group of cells that surround the oocyte & anchor it to one side of follicle
  3. Coron radiata: one layer of collumnar cells surrounding zona pellucida
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8
Q

Describe fate of ovarian follicle

A

Not all growing follicles reach maturity, only one follicle will continue to become mature Graffian follicle (under effect of FSH), the remaining growing follicles will degenerate. The oocytes show signs of cell death.

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9
Q

List reasons for ovulation

A
  1. The high estrogen hormone secreted by Graffian follicle and other growing follicles cause FSH inhibition & LH release
  2. LH causes inc ovary blood flow leading to edema & inc intra-follicular fluid & subsequent inc intra-follicular pressure
  3. Grnulosa cells secrete also collagenase enzyme so they bceome loose
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10
Q

List microcopic events that take place during ovulation

A
  1. Meiosis I is completed
  2. Granulosa cells produce greater amounts of hyalonronan which loosens granulosa cells. The oocyte with surrounding corona radiata become detached & float in follicular fluid
  3. Inc blood flow rapidly inc volume & pressure of follicular fluid
  4. Follicle bulging against tunica albuginea produces stigma
  5. Plasmin degrades basal lamina & collagenase enzyme digests the collagen in tunica albuginea
  6. Smooth muscle contractions in theca externa is triggered by protagoandins
    Oocyte and corona radiata along with follicular fluid are released and begins meisosi II but arrest at metaphase.and never complete until fertilization
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11
Q

After ovulation, granulosa cells become….that secrete, theca interna cells become…..secrete

A

Granulosa lutein progesterone
Theca lutein, progesterone & androstenedione

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12
Q

In case of menstruation, corpus luteum degenerated after……but it is after…..in case of pregnancy under effect of……..,. After that it is calles……

A

10 days
4 months
hCG
Corpus albicans

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13
Q

Interstitail cells in ovary originate from…….

A

Theca interna cells of atretic follicles

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14
Q

Describe structural changes that take place during ovarian cycle

A
  1. Follicular phase: it includes growth of primordial follicles to matura Graafian follicle under effect of FSH, starts on 1st day of cycke till 14th day
  2. Ovulation takes place on 14th day under effect of LH
  3. Luteal phase: it is also uder effect of LH. It takes from 14th day till end of cycle . Corpus luteum is formed & secretes estrogen progesterone
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15
Q

Describe PCOS

A

A common cause of infertility in women. Enlarged ovaries with numerous cysts, an anovulatory state & no follicles complete maturation.

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16
Q

Describe epithelium of fallopian tubes

A

Simple columnar partially ciliated partially secretory
Secretory cells are Peg cells have typical protein secreting ultrastructure
Ciliated columnar cells beat with cilia towards uterus to push fertilized ovum or secretions towards the uterine cavity

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17
Q

Describe function of Peg cells

A
  1. They secrete nutritive mateial for the ovum
  2. They help capacitation of spermatozoa
  3. They provide protective environment for spermatozoa
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18
Q

Muscle layer of fallopian tube consists of……

A

Inner circular, outer longitufinal smf

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19
Q

List functions of uterine tube

A
  1. Site of fertilization & early cleavage of zygote. Many folds ensure continuous contact with living cells
  2. Peristaltic movement of smooth muscle fibers helps movement of fertilized ovum to uterine cavity
  3. Function of lining epithelium
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20
Q

Describe cyclic changes in fallopian tube

A
  1. Under effect of estrogen both ciliated & non+ciliated cells begin to in height till 30 um. Inc number of cilia on ciliated
  2. After ovulation: ciliated cells become shorter than non-ciliated cells making surface irregular. Inc number of secretory cells
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21
Q

What happens to uterine tube in ectopic pregnancy?

A

The lamina propria reacts like endometrium forming numerous decidual cells. The oviduct cannot carry developing embryo & ruptures causing extensive hge

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22
Q

Mammary gland is a……consists of ……lobes

A

Compound tubulo-alveolar gland
15-25

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23
Q

The areola contains……..

A

Sebaceous glands & modified sweat glands called glands of Montgometry

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24
Q

Describe composition of parenchyma of resting mammary gland

A

Formed of duct system only & non secretory alveoli. Ducts are intra-lobular and inter-lobular. Both lined by 2 layers of cubical cells surrounded by myoepithelial cells. Each lobe drains into a large lactiferous duct lined by stratified columnar epithelium

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25
Q

Lactiferous sinus is lined of…….

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

26
Q

Lactating mammary gland consists of…..&……

A

Secretory alveoli
Duct system

27
Q

Compared to resting mammary gland, lactating one shows…….

A

The septa appear as very thin strands between lobes & lobules
Reduction of adipose tissue only few or not fat cells

28
Q

Describe LM features of alveoli of lactating mammary gland

A

The alveoli are lined by a single layer of cubical or columnar cells according to degree of distension. These cells have basophilic cytoplasm & rounded central vesicular nuclei. Myoepithelial cells are found surrounding BM of alveoli

29
Q

List special features of colostrum (compared to milk)

A

Less fat, more protein, rich in Abs that provide passive immunity to newborn esp within gut lumen

30
Q

List derivatives of trophoblasts

A
  1. Inner mitotically active layer called cytotrophoblasts
  2. Outer thick syncitium called syncitiotrophoblasts, they form spaces between cells that coalesce into large lacunae
    The rest form chorion
31
Q

Maternal blood vessels are eroded by…..

A

Syncitiotrophoblasts

32
Q

Inter-villous spaces contain……

A

Maternal blood

33
Q

Describe different stages of chorionic villi

A
  1. Primary villi: composed of cyto- & syncitiotrophoblasts, appsar from 11-13 days of developmeny
  2. Secondary villi: extraembryonic mesenchymal cells enter core converting it to 2ry, 16th day of development
  3. Tertiary villi: CT of 2ry villi becomes invaded by extensive capillary beds, formed by end of 2rd week
34
Q

Chorionic villi are either…..or…..

A

Anchoring or free

35
Q

Describe composition of each chorionic villus

A

A) A central core of mucoid CT containing fetal blood vessels, few smooth muscles & phagocytic celsl called Hofbauer’s cells
B) Trophoblasts which are cytotrophoblasts & syncitiotrophoblasts

36
Q

Describe LM & EM features of cytotrophoblasts

A

LM: it is formed of one layer of simple cubical epithelium that rests on BM. The cells have distinct cell bounds
EM: contain mitochondria, ribososmes & glycogen granules

37
Q

Describe LM & EM features of synctiotrophoblasts

A

LM: formed of single layer of cubical cells, but cells fuse together to form continuous cytoplasmic mass covered by thin acidophilic coat called the fibrnoid
EM: the cytoplasm contains mitochondria, rER, golgi & lipid droplets. The outer surface shows microvilli

38
Q

After 4 months of pregnancy……disappear

A

Cytotrophoblasts

39
Q

What is name & composition of maternal part of placenta

A

Decidua basalis
It is formed of the functional layer of endometrium that contains maternal blood vessels inside the lacunae (intervillous spaces) derived from endometrial blood vessels. The stromal cells of endometrium show decidual reaction. Appear large, polygonal with pale basophilic cytoplasm they are called decidual cells.

40
Q

List layers of placental barrier

A
  1. Syncitiotrophoblasts
  2. Cytotrophoblasts
  3. BM of trophoblasts
  4. Mucoid CT of chorionic villi
  5. BM of fetal blood capillaries
  6. Endothelial cells of continuous fetal capillaries
41
Q

List functions of placenta

A
  1. Essential for nutrition, respiration & excretion of waste products in fetus
  2. Endocrine function secrete hCG (maintain corpus luteum of pregnancy), progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, relaxin & leptin. Cytotrophoblasts secrete FGF, PGF, EGF stimulate proliferation of trophoblasts
  3. Placental barrier allows passage of nutritive substance, oxygen & useful hormones to fetus and prevents the passage of harmful materials as drugs, chemical & toxic materials
42
Q

Describe structure of endometrium

A

a) Epithelium: it is simple columnar cells, partially ciliated partially secretory
b) Corium: it is formed of CT containing simple tubukar glands lined by simple columnar epithelium continuous with surface epithelium
In between:
-stromal cells (decidual cells): stellate-shaoed cells form syncitium
-collagen & reticular fibers
-uterine bvs
-granular leucocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages
It is formed of superficial & deep parts

43
Q

Compare parts of endometrium

A

a) Superficial part: it is formed of superficial parts of uterine glands & surface epithelium. It is a thick layer supplied by spiral arteries. Shed off during menstruation
b) Deep basal part: it is formed of deep parts of uterine glands. Supplied by straight arteries. Permenant

44
Q

Describe structure of myometrium

A

Stratum submucosum (innermost), stratum subserosum (outermost): both are thin formed of longitundinal arranged smooth muscle layers
Stratum vasculare: thickest middle layer. Formed of smooth muscle arranged as “8” around blood vessels. Contraction of these muscle fibers compress the blood vessels preventing bleeding after labour.

45
Q

Hormonal effect on structure of uterine smooth muscles

A
  1. Estrogen: size & number of smooth muscle fibers of myometrium are related to it, max during pregnancy & min after end of menstruation
  2. During delivery, prostaglandins produced from myometrium & the fetal membranes as well as oxytocin released from posterior pituitary stimulate uterine contractions. After delivery, oxytocin continues to stimulate uterine contractions to inhibit excessive blood loss from detachment site of placenta.
46
Q

At end of Menstrual phase, what is left if endometrium?

A

Basal layer is left as a raw surface contains only basal parts of the glands devoid of epithelium

47
Q

Mention chcts of proliferative phase

A
  1. Proliferation of cells in the basal parts of glands to cover the raw surface of endometrium
  2. Proliferation of stromal cells
  3. Amorphous intercellular substances and reticular fibers are formed
  4. The spiral arteries extend into newly formed functional zone
48
Q

Describe endometrium at end of proliferative phase

A
  1. Endometrial thickness is 2-3 mm
  2. Epithelial cells are columnar with patches of ciliated cells
  3. Glands are thin, narrow, straight
  4. Stroma is highly cellular
  5. Cells are connected with cytoplasmic processes
49
Q

List events of early period of secretory phase

A
  1. Endometrium becomes 4-6 mm thick
  2. Spiral arteries extend to suoerficial layer
  3. Inc amount of tissue fluid in the stroma with congestion of bvs
  4. Gland becomes wide, tortuous with a sacculated appearance
  5. Cells of glands appear large & pale due to glycogen accumulation
  6. Stromal cells undergo decidual reaction, in which cells become large & pale. Their cytoplasm contains more glycogen & lipid droplets preparing endometrium for implant of fertilized ovum
50
Q

List events of ischemic period of secretory phase

A
  1. Takes last 2-3 days of the secretory phase
  2. It is synchnonous with degeneration of corpus luteum
  3. VC of spiral art due to dec estro & progest leading necrosis of functional layer with damage in arterial wall
    When blood vessels reopen again, they rupture causing gush of blood into capillaries & arterioles. Causing bleeding & shedding of functional layeri
51
Q

Describe mucosa of cervix

A
  1. Epithelium: simple columnar mucus secreting, changes into squamous epithelium that continues to line vagina at external os (junction is common site for precancerous lesions)
  2. Corium: formed of CT containing tubulo-alveolar mucus secreting glands
52
Q

GR: Mucosa of cervix does not shed off during menstruation

A

Bec its corium is not provided with spiral arteries as other parts of uterus

53
Q

GR: Although cervix does not expand during pregnancy, it dilates during labour

A

Due to action of relaxin hormone that induces lysis of collagen in its wall

54
Q

Describe cyclic changes of the cervix

A

-At time of ovulation, the mucus secretions are watery & allow penetration of uterus by sperms
-In luteal phase, the progest alters mucus secretion so it is viscid & prevent passage of microorganisms

55
Q

……..is considered routine screening for cervical malignancy

A

Pap smears

56
Q

Epithelium of vagina is……

A

Startified squamous non-keratizined, vacuolated due to presence of glycogen

57
Q

What is the function of glycogen in vagina?

A

Fermented by bacteria producing lactic acid which is imp to lower pH & protect from vaginal infections

58
Q

Muscle of vagina is…..

A

Inner circular outer longitudinal
Also skeletal muscles related ti middle part

59
Q

Fluid found in vagina during intercourse is derived from……

A

Transudate from lamina propria & secretion of cervical glands

60
Q

Describe cyclic changes in vagina

A
  1. Effect of estrogen: the epithelium is thickened and mitosis is seen in basal layer. The superficial layers show inc acidophilia & indicate beginning of keratinization. It promotes storage of glycogen & lipid which reaches max content at the time of ovulation
  2. Effect of progesterone: superficial cells become desquamated from vaginal epithelium
61
Q

What is the cause of atrophic vaginitis?

A

After menopause, low estrogen levels cause thinning or atrophy of vaginal epithelium.

Urogenital Histology (3 decks)

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