✅Feminism

Question 1

What does Lombrosso and Ferrero argue?

Answer 1

Different crimes committed by men and women are a result of their physical difference, biological theory. Criminals have stigmata (physical abnormality) e.g extra toe or nipple. Women are innately different from men with a desire to be caring and nurturing (values which tend not to support crime).

Question 2

What did Dalton (1964) claim?

Answer 2

It is hormonal or menstrual factors that can influence the minority of women to commit crime

Question 3

Why do feminists negatively evaluate biological theory?

Answer 3

There is a huge disparity between Male and female criminal convictions as society is patriarchal and hence women live by the rules that reinforce domination.

Question 4

What % of the prison population is Male?

Answer 4

OCS 2016 found that 96% of the prison population is Male

Question 5

What does Heindensohn argue about patriarchy?

Answer 5

Critics Malestream sociology (where Male sociologists focus on Male issues) and hence they are gender blind (ignore women).

Question 6

Social control:

What does heindensohn argue?

Answer 6

Women play the expressive role of a caring mother and wife and :: don’t have opportunity to commit crime.

Social control of women is responsible for refraining women from committing crime.

Categorises female control as: domestic, employment and control In public spaces.

Women’s time is occupied by housework and :: they are intimidated and abused in public and are less likely to be in positions of high responsibilities.

Question 7

Social control:

What does Oakley argue?

Answer 7

In her study the ‘sociology of housework’ she found that women perform 56 hours of housework compared with 32 hours by men, and hence don’t get the opportunity to commit crime.

Question 8

Social control:

What did warner find?

Answer 8

Women perform an average of 100 hours of housework per week and hence don’t have the opportunity to commit crime.
(Can talk about disparity of findings/validity)

Question 9

Social control:

What does Heimer and De Coster (1999) state?

Answer 9

Girls are less likely to engage in violence than boys because they are indirectly controlled through emotions whereas boys receive control from families

Question 10

Social control:

What does Marsden and Duncombe (1972) argue?

Answer 10

Women work the triple shift (performing actual work, housework and childcare) and hence don’t have the opportunity to commit crime.

Question 11

Social control:

What does Henrietta and Grundy argue?

Answer 11

That women are trapped in the sandwich generation (caring for both parents and children) and hence don’t have opportunity to commit crime

Question 12

Social control:

What does Devault argue about social control

Answer 12

Women perform ‘invisible work’ as seen in Oakley and Warner’s studies, and hence don’t have the opportunity to commit crime

Question 13

Liberal feminism:

What does Freda Adler (1975) argue?

Answer 13

Claimed women’s liberation had led to more female deviance. As women enter the work place they’ve gained increasing power, increasing female crime

Question 14

Liberal feminism:

What does Denscombe argue? (2001)

Answer 14

Changing roles of females over the last 10 years mean women are more likely to partake in risk taking activities. (Ladette culture)

Studied self-images of 15-16 year old girls in the East Midlands (both interviews and focus groups) and found females were adopting masculine traits such as “looking hard” or “being in control” explaining why both value of female crimes as well as severity of female crimes are increasing.

Question 15

Liberal feminism:

Who would critic denscombes study?

Answer 15

Positivists would critic denscome for his small study which is not representative both for its matrifocal nature, as well as it’s exclusive use of qualitative data.

Question 16

Liberal feminism?

Name some acts/stats/laws increasing the importance of the role of women in society

Answer 16

1) 70% of women are in employment (ONS 2016)
2) 1975 equal pay act
3) 1970 sex differentiation act
4) 2010 equality act

Question 17

Liberal feminism:

What does Westwood (1999) argue?

Answer 17

Identities of women are constantly being reconstructed and reframed hence the idea of a fixed female identity limits a criminologists idea of crime :: we need to understand that reconfiguring the female identity as more confident is the link between the increase in female crime

Question 18

Liberal feminism:

What does heidensohn (2002) argue?

Answer 18

Negatively evaluated both denscombe and Westwood as she cited evidence from other studies which showed that convicted offenders score highly on psychological tests of ‘femininity’ and :: not all female criminals have taken on Male roles.

Question 19

Postmodern feminism:

What does carol smart argue (1990)?

Answer 19

Introduced the idea of transgressive criminology where she’s more concerned about the crimes against women (female victims) rather than the crimes women commit themselves.
Looks particularly into sexual harrassment/rape against women and women staying in at night out of fear of crime.

Question 20

What did the Islington crime survey find?

Answer 20

Found that 68% of women over 55 in London wouldn’t go out at night out of fear of crime

Question 21

What % of sexual offences are believed to be reported to the police?

Answer 21

15%

Question 22

What did walklate discover?

Answer 22

Women don’t report rape out of fear of being put on trial themselves

Question 23

Give an example of a rape trial

Answer 23

Ched Evans case —> the female complainants sexual history was brought up in court as evidence:

–allowed new evidence from two witnesses who gave testimony about the complainant’s sexual preferences and the language she used during sex. It led to her being questioned in detail in open court about intimate details of her sex life.

Question 24

What did Lee Madigan and Nancy Gamble find? (1991)

Answer 24

They used the term “second rape” in they’re book entitled the second rape. In the book, which focused entirely on the phenomenon, they wrote that, often, the second, emotional rape could be “more devastating and despoiling than the first” physical violation.

Question 25

The 2000 statistics on Male offences

Answer 25

In 2000 males were 52 times more likely than women to be found guilty or cautioned for sexual offences, 17x as likely for burglary, more than 5x as likely for robbery, more than 8x for criminal damage and 5x as likely for violence against a person.

Question 26

What did Dobash and Dobash (1979) discover about sexual abuse?

Answer 26

Police officers were very unlikely to make an arrest when the offender has used violence against his wife

Question 27

What proportion of crimes are female statistic

Answer 27

In 2000 475,000 people were f and guilty of crimes, 88,900 were women

Question 28

What did Campbell and Carlin find about control theory?

Answer 28

Even in ethnographic studies of crime women gang members are controlled by their male counterparts

Question 29

What did walklate find about the judiciary

Answer 29

The judiciary accepts the fact that men can’t restrain their sexual desires once women indicate they may be available for sex you

Question 30

What did carol smart argue about the judiciary?

Answer 30

In rape trials, notions of Male sexual need and female sexual capriciousness are celebrated

Question 31

What did Allen find about motoring offences

Answer 31

Women are treated leniently for motoring offences compared to males and therefore also suffer positive discrimination by agents of formal control such as the police/judiciary

Question 32

Name 3 names of Pat Carlen’s publications

Answer 32

1) women imprisonment (1983)
2) women and punishment (2002)
3) women, crime and poverty (1988)

Question 33

describe Pat Carlen’s study of women and crime

Answer 33

In 1985 Pat Carlen studies 39 women aged 15-46 who had been convicted of one or more crimes. She carried out lengthy unstructured interviews with each. Most were from London and 20 were in prison/youth custody centre. Most women were working class, 26 has convictions for theft or handling stolen goods, 16 for fraud, 15 for burglary, 14 for violence, 8 for arson, 6 for drugs and 4 for prostitution related crime.

Question 34

Describe Pat Carlen’s study of Sheriffs

Answer 34

She interviewed Scottish sherifs and found that they were u likely to imprison women who were good mothers, but were more inclined to punish childless/women in care.

Question 35

What does Pat Carlen ultimately conclude

Answer 35

Women make a class deal where they work hard in exchange for pay which they use to pay for consumer goods, and a gender deal where they perform domestic labour and give companionship to husbands in exchange for financial support, keeping WC women respectable. 
If these deals are broken women are more likely to commit crime as a rational choice

Question 36

In what way does Carlen agree, yet disagree with functionalists?

Answer 36

In one respect, Carlen agrees with functionalists, such as Durkheim or Hirschi, that social control prevents crime and a lack of control can lead to an increase in crime.
Yet Carlen disagrees with them as she points out how that control is often maintained through exploitation, not the guise of equality or necessity that functionalists portray.

Question 37

Who proposes the triple shift?

Answer 37

Marsden and Duncombe

Question 38

Who proposes the sandwich generation?

Answer 38

Henrietta and Grundy

Question 39

Who proposes the bedroom culture?

Answer 39

McRobbie

Question 40

What does Oakley state about housework?

Answer 40

Women perform 56 hours of housework a week vs a males 32 (unequal)

Question 41

How many hours of housework does Warner say women perform a week

Answer 41

Up to 100 hours of housework