✅Feminism Flashcards
What does Lombrosso and Ferrero argue?
Different crimes committed by men and women are a result of their physical difference, biological theory. Criminals have stigmata (physical abnormality) e.g extra toe or nipple. Women are innately different from men with a desire to be caring and nurturing (values which tend not to support crime).
What did Dalton (1964) claim?
It is hormonal or menstrual factors that can influence the minority of women to commit crime
Why do feminists negatively evaluate biological theory?
There is a huge disparity between Male and female criminal convictions as society is patriarchal and hence women live by the rules that reinforce domination.
What % of the prison population is Male?
OCS 2016 found that 96% of the prison population is Male
What does Heindensohn argue about patriarchy?
Critics Malestream sociology (where Male sociologists focus on Male issues) and hence they are gender blind (ignore women).
Social control:
What does heindensohn argue?
Women play the expressive role of a caring mother and wife and :: don’t have opportunity to commit crime.
Social control of women is responsible for refraining women from committing crime.
Categorises female control as: domestic, employment and control In public spaces.
Women’s time is occupied by housework and :: they are intimidated and abused in public and are less likely to be in positions of high responsibilities.
Social control:
What does Oakley argue?
In her study the ‘sociology of housework’ she found that women perform 56 hours of housework compared with 32 hours by men, and hence don’t get the opportunity to commit crime.
Social control:
What did warner find?
Women perform an average of 100 hours of housework per week and hence don’t have the opportunity to commit crime.
(Can talk about disparity of findings/validity)
Social control:
What does Heimer and De Coster (1999) state?
Girls are less likely to engage in violence than boys because they are indirectly controlled through emotions whereas boys receive control from families
Social control:
What does Marsden and Duncombe (1972) argue?
Women work the triple shift (performing actual work, housework and childcare) and hence don’t have the opportunity to commit crime.
Social control:
What does Henrietta and Grundy argue?
That women are trapped in the sandwich generation (caring for both parents and children) and hence don’t have opportunity to commit crime
Social control:
What does Devault argue about social control
Women perform ‘invisible work’ as seen in Oakley and Warner’s studies, and hence don’t have the opportunity to commit crime
Liberal feminism:
What does Freda Adler (1975) argue?
Claimed women’s liberation had led to more female deviance. As women enter the work place they’ve gained increasing power, increasing female crime
Liberal feminism:
What does Denscombe argue? (2001)
Changing roles of females over the last 10 years mean women are more likely to partake in risk taking activities. (Ladette culture)
Studied self-images of 15-16 year old girls in the East Midlands (both interviews and focus groups) and found females were adopting masculine traits such as “looking hard” or “being in control” explaining why both value of female crimes as well as severity of female crimes are increasing.
Liberal feminism:
Who would critic denscombes study?
Positivists would critic denscome for his small study which is not representative both for its matrifocal nature, as well as it’s exclusive use of qualitative data.
Liberal feminism?
Name some acts/stats/laws increasing the importance of the role of women in society
1) 70% of women are in employment (ONS 2016)
2) 1975 equal pay act
3) 1970 sex differentiation act
4) 2010 equality act
Liberal feminism:
What does Westwood (1999) argue?
Identities of women are constantly being reconstructed and reframed hence the idea of a fixed female identity limits a criminologists idea of crime :: we need to understand that reconfiguring the female identity as more confident is the link between the increase in female crime
Liberal feminism:
What does heidensohn (2002) argue?
Negatively evaluated both denscombe and Westwood as she cited evidence from other studies which showed that convicted offenders score highly on psychological tests of ‘femininity’ and :: not all female criminals have taken on Male roles.
Postmodern feminism:
What does carol smart argue (1990)?
Introduced the idea of transgressive criminology where she’s more concerned about the crimes against women (female victims) rather than the crimes women commit themselves.
Looks particularly into sexual harrassment/rape against women and women staying in at night out of fear of crime.
What did the Islington crime survey find?
Found that 68% of women over 55 in London wouldn’t go out at night out of fear of crime
What % of sexual offences are believed to be reported to the police?
15%
What did walklate discover?
Women don’t report rape out of fear of being put on trial themselves
Give an example of a rape trial
Ched Evans case —> the female complainants sexual history was brought up in court as evidence:
–allowed new evidence from two witnesses who gave testimony about the complainant’s sexual preferences and the language she used during sex. It led to her being questioned in detail in open court about intimate details of her sex life.
What did Lee Madigan and Nancy Gamble find? (1991)
They used the term “second rape” in they’re book entitled the second rape. In the book, which focused entirely on the phenomenon, they wrote that, often, the second, emotional rape could be “more devastating and despoiling than the first” physical violation.
