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Politics Paper 2 > Feminism > Flashcards

Feminism Flashcards

1
Q

First Wave Feminism

A

suffrage movement
right to vote for women in 1928

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2
Q

Second Wave Feminism

A

questioned roles society expected of women and men
argued women were oppressed by such expectations

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3
Q

Third Wave Feminism

A

claimed feminism was too focused on white middle class women
claimed feminism gave little expression to women of other cultures and their concerns

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4
Q

Fourth Wave Feminism

A

present day
looks at continued inequalities in pay, sexual harrassment, depiction of women in the media, online misogyny and abuse

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5
Q

What is sex?

A

biological differences between men and women

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6
Q

What is gender?

A

a social construct consisting of a set of social arrangements built around sex e.g. what we deem as ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’

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7
Q

What does radical feminism believe about sex?

A

transwomen cannot be accepted as women because of biological differences - altering genitalia or body shape cannot change this

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8
Q

Which feminists believe transwomen cannot be accepted as women due to biological differences?

A

Julie Bindel and Sheila Jeffreys

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9
Q

What is Sylvia Walby’s belief about the patriarchy?

A

identifies patriarchy’s pervasive and systematic nature

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10
Q

What does Sylvia Walby say is central to a feminist understanding of society?

A

the concept of patriarchy

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11
Q

Patriarchy and the State

A
  • the denial of representation
  • women are under represented in positions of women
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12
Q

Patriarchy and the Household

A

domesticity is destiny

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13
Q

What does Kate Millett say about Patriarchy and the Household?

A

“the family is patriarchy’s chief institution”

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14
Q

Patriarchy and Violence

A

women are more prone to being abused
two women killed every week by partners or former partner

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15
Q

Patriarchy and Paid Work

A

women tend to:
- have lower paid jobs
- be offered part time positions
- be assistants to men

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16
Q

Patriarchy and Sexuality

A

female sexuality seen as ‘unladylike’ / ‘slutty’
male sexuality able to be fully explored without as much judgement

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17
Q

What feminist text explores Patriarchy and Sexuality? What does it say?

A

‘The Female Eunuch’ Germaine Greer
- women’s sexual desires seen as unfeminine and unacceptable
- women should not be ashamed of their sexuality or embarrassed by their bodies
- women encouraged to participate in sex for two reasons (to procreate or satisfy men’s desires)

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18
Q

Patriarchy and Culture

A

ideal body image

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19
Q

What does Naomi Wolf say about women and body image?

A

fixation on women’s body image and weight is about control and obedience

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20
Q

What does Noami Wolf explore in ‘The beauty Myth’?

A
  • the additional pressure on women to pursue the ideal body image
  • capitalism keeping women buying things and chasing an unattainable goal
  • a rise in eating disorders and cosmetic surgery
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21
Q

How does the beauty craze keep male dominance intact?

A

women led into thinking that unless they look and dress a particular way, they are ugly or unattractive for the MALE gaze

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22
Q

Who said “the personal is political”?

A

Carol Hanisch 1970

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23
Q

What does Carol Hanisch mean by “the personal is political”?

A

raising the awareness among women that oppression existed in their role in the family as well as the public sphere

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24
Q

Give examples of how the family keeps women and girls subjugated

A
  • taught to be obedient whilst men to be dominant and self reliant
  • socialised into accepting role of the housewife as the only and most fulfilled role
  • expected to carry out free domestic work as well as paid work
  • expected to cater to husband’s every need
  • sacrifice career for housewife and motherhood
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25
Q

What do separatists believe?

A

that women and men should form two separate societies

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26
Q

What does Charlotte Bunch believe about feminism?

A
  • political lesbianism
  • heterosexuality is a political institution
  • can only be challenged by women withdrawing from men and becoming lesbians
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27
Q

What does Sheila Jeffreys say in ‘Love your enemy’?

A

lesbianism is a political choice

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28
Q

When did intersectionality and identity politics begin to emerge and what did it represent?

A

late 80s/90s
third wave feminists seeking to redefine the women’s movement
criticised feminism for its focus on the oppressions faced only by white middle class women

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29
Q

Who coined the term ‘intersectionality’?

A

Kimberle Crenshaw

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30
Q

Intersectionality and Feminism

A

sought to take into the account experiences of:
- black women and women from ethnic minorities
- working class women
- disabled women

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31
Q

What did Bell Hooks say about women?

A

women were not a homogenous group and did not always share the same life experiences

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32
Q

What is the ‘original’ feminism?

A

Liberal Feminism

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33
Q

Who represents liberal feminism?

A

Mary Wollstonecraft
the Suffragettes
most second wave feminists

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34
Q

What is the main principle of liberal feminism?

A

takes the liberal values of individualism and foundational equality and applies them to women as well as men

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35
Q

How do liberal feminists believe feminist goals can be secured?

A

through a reform of society
democratic pressure and persuasion can help overcome gender imbalance

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36
Q

How do liberal feminists believe gender stereotyping can be broken down?

A

when women are accepted into traditional ‘mens occupations’ and girls will be encouraged by female role models

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37
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft on human nature

A

women are no more or no less rational than men and both should be treated equally as rational human beings

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38
Q

Wollstonecraft on equality

A

formal equality - women are entitled to the same civil liberties as men
equality of opportunity - women should be able to have a choice between taking a domestic role and seeking a career

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39
Q

Liberal Feminists on the state

A
  • emphasises the states role in securing feminist goals
  • advocates using the sate in positive ways to make lives of women better
  • state plays a role on law reform e.g. on childcare/marital abuse/equal pay
  • plays a role in legal and political equality and ensuring equality of opportunity
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40
Q

Give examples of the successes of liberal feminists

A
  • securing right to vote for women in 1928
  • criminalisation of rape in marriage (RvR case)
  • widening the definition of domestic abuse to now include economic abuse
41
Q

Liberal Feminists on the economy

A

women should get to economic equality on merit

42
Q

Liberal Feminists on Society

A
  • women are discriminated against in society
  • focuses only on public sphere
43
Q

How do liberal feminists believe economic equality can be achieved?

A

through encouragement not enforcement e.g. seeing more women in higher positions will inspire

44
Q

What idea does Liberal Feminists reject?

A

the idea of patriarchy instead highlights the discrimination women face

45
Q

What do socialist feminists believe?

A

capitalism creates and maintains patriarchy

46
Q

How do socialist feminists believe feminist goals can be achieved?

A

through a socialist revolution whereby the capital is destroyed so patriarchy will be destroyed too

47
Q

How does Engels suggest women are oppressed by capitalism?

A
  • male workers needed unpaid helpers to carry out domestic chores
  • womens main role to reproduce labour force
  • women as a ‘reserve army of labour’
48
Q

What is Sheila Rowbothams main belief?

A

capitalism and sexism oppress women

49
Q

What does Sheila Rowbotham say about capitalism?

A

capitalism now re-enforces sexism
women are doubly oppressed by capitalism

50
Q

How does Rowbotham believe feminist goals can be achieved?

A

‘revolution within a revolution’ - sexism had to be overthrown along with the wider revolution against capitalism

51
Q

What does Rowbotham say about the family?

A

the family is not only an institution that disciplines and subjects women to capitalism but is also a place of refuge for men from the alienation of capitalism

52
Q

How do socialist feminists believe women will achieve economic equality?

A

when a socialist society is achieved women will have an equal access to everything because it will be out forward by the state

53
Q

How strong are the arguments of socialist feminists?

A
  • a socialist society has never been achieved and is unlikely to be achieved
  • all feminists do not share their views
54
Q

Who criticised socialist feminism?

A

Juliet Mitchel in ‘Women’s Estate’

55
Q

How does Juliet Mitchel criticise socialist feminism?

A
  • it dismisses women’s oppression as just another aspect of the bourgeois family
56
Q

What does Juliet Mitchel say about the family in ‘Womens Estate’?

A

the family in itself was a separate form of oppression keeping women hidden away and financially dependent on their husbands

57
Q

What does Charlotte Perkins Gilman say women rely on in the home?

A

sex and domesticity to keep their husbands happy

58
Q

What does Charlotte Perkins Gilman believe is the only way for women to be set free?

A

economic independence

59
Q

What strand of socialism is Perkins Gilman associated with?

A

socialist feminism because she believes economic independence is the only way for women to be set free and believes in common humanity

60
Q

What does Perkins Gilman believe about society?

A

communal living is the answer where women and men live side by side without the worry about economic status

61
Q

What does Perkins Gilman believe about gender?

A

from childhood girls are socialised to dress, behave and act in a stereotypical ‘feminine’ way

62
Q

What is Simone de Beauvoir’s most famous feminist quote?

A

” one is not born, but rather becomes a woman “

63
Q

What does De Beauvoir believe about gender?

A
  • the social construct of women is deliberately created for the benefit of men
  • women are conditioned into accepting a passive role in life and taking inordinate care over their appearance
64
Q

What does De Beauvoir believe about the role of society in feminism?

A

from an early age the agents of primary socialisation encourage young girls to adopt a feminine identity e.g. gender specific toys reinforcing stereotypes concerning the nurturing mother

65
Q

How does De Beauvoir believe feminist goals can be achieved?

A

women should be free to reject male stereotypes of feminine beauty
in doing so there would be greater equality between men and women

66
Q

What does De Beauvoir say about a patriarchal society?

A

a patriarchal society treats women as ‘other’ and as abnormal and thereby prevents them from fulfilling their true potential

67
Q

What does De Beauvoir believe about motherhood?

A

it is used as a way of turning women from politics into slaves

68
Q

What does De Beauvoir say femininity discourages?

A

women from entering politics, technology or anything that is not based on home or family

69
Q

Describe De Beauvoir’s belief about ‘otherness’

A

men are the ‘norm’ whilst women are ‘deviants’ in a patriarchal society
the masculine is commonly presented in positive terms or simply as the norm whilst feminist is depicted as the other and therefore inferior
women are therefore presented with a social construct that relegates them to a secondary status

70
Q

What institution is De Beauvoir most critical about?

A

the traditional nuclear family

71
Q

What does radical feminism emphasise?

A

“getting to the root” i.e. patriarchy and male dominance

72
Q

What is the radical feminist view on patriarchy?

A

it divides rights, privileges and power primarily by sex
as a result it oppresses women and privileges men

73
Q

How do radical feminists oppose liberal feminists?

A

radical feminists are sceptical of political action within the current system as existing political and social organizations are inherently tied to patriarchy

74
Q

How do radical feminists believe we should achieve feminist goals?

A

“smash the patriarchy”
a lot more militant in their approach than other feminists
aim to dismantle patriarchy rather than making adjustments to the system through legal changes

75
Q

How do radical feminists oppose socialist feminists?

A

radical feminists resist reducing oppression to an economic or class issue as socialist feminism does

76
Q

What is the myth about radical feminism and how is this inaccurate?

A

the myth is that radical feminism is “man hating”
to equate radical feminism with “man hating” is to assume that patriarchy and men are inseperable

77
Q

Who defended the idea of “man hating” and why?

A

Robin Morgan
“man hating” as the right of the oppressed class to hate the class which is oppressing them

78
Q

Radical Feminists on the state

A

patriarchy is in the DNA of key state institutions

79
Q

How do radical feminists believe that the state has a role to play in eradicating patriarchal values in both private and public spheres?

A

by outlawing pornography and ensuring harsher punishment for domestic violence, rape and other crimes

80
Q

What does Kate Millet believe is the principle tool of the patriarchy?

A

the traditional family

81
Q

What does Millet believe about marriage?

A

marriage was simply an exchange between men and women of sexual consent and domestic service for financial support

82
Q

What does Millet believe about masculine authority?

A

it spreads beyond the family into all aspects of society - friends, schools, media etc

83
Q

How does Millet believe women are oppressed in art and literature?

A

art and literature made women into commodities to be sexually possessed by men

84
Q

What ideas does Millet discourage?

A

romantic love and monogamy

85
Q

What does Millet advocate?

A

a sexual revolution and political lesbianism

86
Q

What key principle is Postmodern Feminism concerned with?

A

intersecntionality

87
Q

What do Postmodern Feminists believe about women?

A

it is impossible to categorise women into just one group
different women have different experiences of life

88
Q

What is suggested in ‘Manifesta’ about feminism?

A

each generation will rediscover and reestablish what feminism means for them

89
Q

What other factors do Postmodern Feminists believe affect women in society?

A

race / religion / class etc

90
Q

What is Postmodern Feminism critical of?

A

second wave feminism as too narrowly focused on the experiences of educated white middle class women

91
Q

What do Postmodern Feminists believe about the patriarchy?

A

it is subjective. different women have different experiences of the patriarchy e.g. a rich white business executive seeking equal pay with male CEO colleagues versus an unemployed black woman with a disability seeking employment

92
Q

What does bell hooks suggest in ‘Ain’t I a woman’?

A

the double oppression of black women and the reluctance of middle class white feminists to listen to them

93
Q

What does bell hooks say about mainstream feminists?

A

they were too focused on the experiences of middle class white women and had either consciously or unconsciously ignored the struggles of women of colour

94
Q

What does bell hooks argue for?

A

a more inclusive version of feminism that seeks to unite rather than divide
solidarity between genders, races and classes is the key

95
Q

How do Postmodern Feminists believe feminist goals can be achieved?

A

social change occurs at a micro level
winning over hearts and minds and changing attitudes and ideas through education schemes

96
Q

Postmodern Feminists on the role of the state

A

the state can facilitate education programs such as pshe and curriculum changes to ensure male and female stereotypes are broken

97
Q

What approach are postmodern feminists in favour of?

A

a bottom up approach whereby attitudes can change from how you educate children

98
Q

How do postmodern feminists believe patriarchy is sustained?

A

at a micro level through human nature

99
Q

How is Postmodern Feminism and their goals harder to achieve?

A

more of a focus on attitudes, ideas, hearts and minds
it is difficult to win over hearts and minds

Politics Paper 2 (13 decks)

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