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PHYSIOLOGY > Female sexual endocrinology > Flashcards

Female sexual endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

whats the site of steroid hormone synthesis?

A

the follicle around the oocyte

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2
Q

steps of oogenesis?

A
  • primordial germ cell produce oogonia
  • oogonia enter meiosis 1 but stops at prophase, until ovulation.
  • ovulatoin–> compleation of meiosis 1, and formation o secondary oocyte and 1 polar body.
  • fertilization with sperm induces meiosis 2. formation of ovum and 2nd polar body.
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3
Q

The stages of follicular development?

A
  1. in suspended prophase:
    - primary oocyte grows surrounded by granulosa cells,
    which support the primordial follicle.
    - theca interna also develop.
  2. begins at menstrual cycle
    - follicle develops into graafian follicle
    - fluid w/ steroid, FSH, protein accumulate in antrum
  3. Occurs only on one graafian follicle, which grows .
    - on day 14 releases the oocyte along w/ cumulus oophorous that enter the falllopian tube.
  4. Ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum made of theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells.
  5. If no fertilizatoin, the follicle regresses into corpus albiicans.
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4
Q

how´s the pulsatile secreation of GnRH in women?

A
  • follicular phase: 1-2 h

- Luteal phase: 5-6 h

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5
Q

what can effect GnRH secreation?

A
  • morphin can increase

- b-endorphin can inhibit

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6
Q

when does ovarian cycle start and whats the concentration of the hormones at this point?

A

first day of menstruation all the hormone levels are at their lowest.

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7
Q

When, what controls, which days are follicular phase?

A
  • day 1-14
  • maturation of primordial follicle up until ovulation.
  • under control of estrogen(E2) (P4 ratio is large)
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8
Q

When, what controls, which days are luteal phase?

A
  • day 14-28
  • after oculation
  • corpus luuteum apppears in ovary ( progesterone production) some estrogen aswell (P4 rtio is decreased)
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9
Q

what happens if there is no fertilization?

A
  • corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis–>decrease in progesterone
  • decreased progesterone induces increase in PGF2-a (prostaglandin).–> vasoconstriction–> necrosis of stratum functionale of endometrium.
  • decreased progesterone causes myometrial contractility–> expulsion of necrotic endometrium and bleeding.
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10
Q

what happens if fertilization occurs?

A
  • syncytiothropoblast induces secreation of hCG which induces maintainance of progesterone.
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11
Q

whats the effect of progesterone?

A
  • enables fertilization
  • maintains gestation
  • prevents superfecundation
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12
Q

levels of progesterone, estradiol and body temp during ovarian sycle?

A

body temp:

  • FP: lower
  • LP: higer

Esrtadiol:

  • FP: increasing until ovulation
  • LP: immediade decrease post ovulation, and then slowly increase.

Progesterone:
FP: low, spikes day 14
LP: high due to corpus luteum.

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13
Q

levels of FSH and LH during ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular Phase:

  • FSH and LH at basal levels, due to negative feedback of estrogen.
  • There is more LH then FSH
  • LH increase due to positive feedback, that occurs when estrogen is at high levels.

Luteal phase:
- LH possitive feedback is inhibited by progesterone and negative feedback takes over. LH and FSH both decreases.

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14
Q

what does theca cells secreate?

A
  • progesterone

- androgens

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15
Q

what receptor does thec cells have?

A
  • LH- receptor

- LH stimulates cholesterol desmolase enzyme

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16
Q

what does granulosa cells secreate?

A
  • estrogen from the androgen of theca interna cells
  • progesterone
  • inhibin
17
Q

what receptor does granulosa cells express?

A
  • FSH- receptor
  • FSH stimulates aromtase enzyme
    Exeption! in foliccular phase FSH induce LH receptor on granulosa cells–> used for production of more granulosa cells, progesterone and estradiol.
18
Q

regulation of FSH and LH in follicular phase?

A
  • Estradiol causes negative feedback on Ant pituritary to limit FSH and LH.
19
Q

regulation of FSH and LH during ovulation?

A
  • Estradiol causes positive feedback to LH and FSH.
20
Q

regulation of FSH and LH during luteal phase?

A
  • Progesterone is mainly secreated and causes negative feedback.
21
Q

What does inhibin and activin do?

A
  • Inhibin or activate secreation of FSH.

- Inhibin promtes androgen producitoin in theca interna cells

22
Q

describe the menstrual cycle step by step

A
  1. corpus luteum regresses and there is a decrease in progesterone, estrogen and inhibin A. Due to lack of these hormones–> negative feedback. ( produce more)
  2. Rise in FSH causing follicle to grow and produce low levels of estrogen and inhibin B–> negative feedback causing decrease in FSH.
  3. Decreased FSH causes low progesterone and estrogen which increases GnRH frequency–> LH secreation increases.
  4. decreased FSH causes only dominant follicle to be left, the one with most FSH receptors, that will also express LH receptors.
  5. follicle produces too much estrogen above threshold level: 200 pg/mL–> possitive feedback creating LH surge, progesterone is still being secreated.
  6. LH surge marks ovulation.
  7. the newly high levels of progesterone, estrogen and inhibin A inhibits the positive feedback and causes negative feedbck on pituritary gland.
  8. corpus luteum will get insensetive to LH levels and die, unless hCG is produced in case of fertilization.
23
Q

How does birth controls work?

A

They cause high levels of progesterone, so the estrogen never triggers the positive feedback and ovulation never occurs.

24
Q

What are the type og E2 receptors and their function?

A

High affinity receptor:
- binds w/ low [E2] levels reducing kisspeptin–> decreased GnRH, responsible for normal negative fedback.

Low agginity receptors:
- induces Kisspeptin release to secreate GnRH–> possitive feedback–> LH surge

25
Q

Name factors affectinf GnRH secreation´?

A
  • Light: melatonin (darkness) causes decreased GnRH
  • smell
  • Copulation: sex induces ovulation
  • physiological

PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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