Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 10 Week 3 > Female Reproductive System- Fung > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System- Fung Flashcards

1
Q

What is the external female genitalia? what does it encompass? What kind of epithelium is it lined by?

A

vulva

  • most hair-bearing skin and mucosa (external to the hymen)
    i. e labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, vestibule
  • squamos epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the common disorders of the vulva?

A

inflammatory

  • contact dermatitis
  • eczymatous dermatitis
  • infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do you find bartholin glands and what does it do?

A

one on each side of the vaginal canal and produces mucus like fluid that drains via ducts into the lower vestibule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is bartholin cyst and what causes it? Who does it usually occur in?

A

cystic dilation of the bartholin gland, arises due to infammation and obstruction of gland
-women of reproductive age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does a bartholin cyst present?

A

unilateral, painful cystic lesion at the lower vestibule adjacent to the vaginal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is this:
Characterized by thinning of the epidermis and fibrosis (sclerosis) of the dermis.
What can it be caused by?
Is it benign or malignant?

A

Lichen sclerosis
autoimmune etiology
benign BUT CAN CAUSE increase risk of squamos cell carcinoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does Lichen sclerosis present and who does it commonly present in?

A

Presents as a white patch (leukoplakia) with parchment-like vulvar skin
-Most commonly seen in postmenopausal women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is this:
hyperplasia of the vulvar squamos epithelium
How does it present?

A

Lichen simplex chronicus

leukoplakia with thick, leathery vulvar skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is lichen simplex chronicus associated with?

Is it malignant or benign?

A

chronic irritation and scratching

benign; no increased risk of squamos cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is this:
warty neoplasm of vulvar skin, often large.
Most commonly due to (blank) or (blank).

A 
Condyloma
HPV type 6 and 11
Secondary syphilis (less common) both are seually transmitted.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do you call a condyloma if it is caused by HPV 6 and 11? What will you find histologically in this?

A

Condyloma acuminatum

-Koilocytes (hallmark of HPV infected cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do you call a condyloma if it is caused by a secondary syphilis?

A

condyloma latum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia has (Blank) levels of dysplasia?

A

VIN 1
VIN 2
VIN 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A vulvar carcinoma arises from (blank) lining the vulva. Is this common or rare? How does it present?
Who is it most commonly seen in?
What is the etiology?

A
  • squamos epithlium
  • rare (accounts for only small percentage of female genital cancers)
  • leukoplakia (biopsy required)
  • HPV related or non-HPV related
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HPV related vulvar carcinoma is due to high risk HPV types (blank and blank)

A

16 and 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the risk factors for HPV related to carcinoma?

A

-mutiple partners, early first age of intercourse, generally occurs in women of reproductive age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vulvar carcinoma arises from (blank), a dysplastic precursor lesions characterized by koilocytic change, disordered cellular maturation, nuclear atypic and increased mitotic activity

A

Vulvar intraeptihelial Neoplasia (VIN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 etiologies of vulvar carcinoma?

A 
HPV-reated (VIN)
Reactive changes (Lichen sclerosus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is pagets disease of the vulva characterized by? How does it present?

A
  • malignant epithelial cells in the epidermis vulva

- erythematous, pruitic, ulcerated vulvar skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

(blank) represents carcinoma in situ, usually with no underlying carcinoma.

A

Pagets disease of the vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Paget disease of the nipple is also characterized by (blank) in the epidermis of the nipple but it is almost always associated with an underlying (blank)

A

malignant epithelial cells

carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can you tell the difference between pagets and melanoma?

A

Paget cells are PAS+, Keratin+, and S100-

Melanoma is PAS-, Keratin-, and S100+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The vagina is a canal leading to the cervix. Mucosa is lined by (blank)

A

non-keratizing squamos epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a clear cell caricnoma of the vagina? What can cause this?

A

malignant proliferation of glands with clear cytoplasms

DES (diethylstilbestrol)- associated vaginal adenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vaginal carcinoma arises frorm (blank) epithelium lining the vaginal mucosa. Usually related to high risk (blank). Precursor lesion is (blank)

A

squamos
HPV
Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When squamos cell carcinoma of the vagina spreads to regional lymph nodes, cancer from the lower 1/3rd of the vagina goes to (blank) nodes

A

inguinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When squamos cell carcinoma of the vagina spreads to regional lymph nodes, cancer from the upper 2/3rd of the vagina goes to (blank) nodes

A

iliac nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is this:
focal persistence of columnar epithelium in the upper vagina.

NOTE: During development, squamos epithelium from the lower 1/3 of the vagina (derived from the urogenital sinus) grows upward to replace the columnar epithelium linng of the upper 2/3 of the vagina (derived from Mullerian ducts)

Who has increased incidence of this?

A

Adenosis

females exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is this:
malignant mesenchymal proliferation of immature skeletal muscle; rare.
Presents as bleeding and a grape-like mass protruding from the vagina or penis of a child (usually less than 5) also known as a sarcoma botyroides

A

Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(blank), the characteristic cell of embryonal rhabomyosarcoma, exhibits cytoplasmic cross striations and positive immunohistochemical staining for desmin and myogenin

A

Rhabdomyoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

(blank) anatomicaly comprises the “neck” of the uterus. The cervix is divided into the (blank and blank). The (blank) is lined by non keratinizing squamos epithelium. The (blank) is lined by a single layer of columnar cells. The junction b/w exocervix and endocervix is called the (blank)

A

cervix
exocervix and endocervix
Exocervix
Endocervix

transformation zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

(blank) is a circular double-stranded DNA virus. Over 200 known types which are specific and tissue specific, Causes epithelial proliferations; warts to carcinoma

A

HPV (human papilloma virus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

HPV is sexually transmitted DNA virus that infects the (Blank) especially the (blank) in the transformation zone

A

lower genital tract

cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

HPV iis usually eradied by acute (blank); persistent infection leads to an increased risk for (blank)

A 
inflammation
cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), risk of CIN depends on HPV type, which is determined by DNA sequencing. High risk HPV types are (blank x 4) What are the low risk strands?

A

16, 18, 31, 33

6, 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

High risk HPV produces (blank and blank) proteins which results in increased destruction of p53 and Rb, respectively. Loss of tumor suppressor proteins increases the risk of (blank)

A

E6 and E7

CIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Low risk HPV?

High risk HPV?

A

low risk: 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81

high risk: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, 82

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What genes of HPV cause cancer?

A

E6 and E7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

(blank) is characterized by koilocytic change, disordered cellular maturation, cellular atypia and increased mitotic activity within the cervical epithelium. CIN is divided into graders based on the extent of (bank) involvement by immature dysplastic cells,

A

Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

epithelial involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

CIN I involves (blank) of the thickness of the epithelium
CIN II involves (blank) of the thickness of the epithelium
CIN III involves (blank) than the entire thickness of the epithelium
(blank) involves the entire thickness of the epithelium

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How does CIN classically progress? Is this progression inevitable?

A

in a stepwise fashion through CIN I, CIN II, CIN III, CIN IV and CIS to become invasive squamos cell carcinoma
no, the higher the grade of dysplasia the less likely it is to regess to normal. (CIN I often regresses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is this:
invasive carcinoma that arises from the cervical epithelium. Who is it most commonly seen in? How does it commonly present?

A

cervical carcinoma
Middle-aged women (40-50 y/o)
-vaginal bleeding, postcoital bleeding, cervical discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the key risk factor for cervical carcinoma?

A

High risk HPV infection

Secondary factors-smoking, and immunodeficiency (e.g cervical carcinoma is an AIDS-defining illness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the most common subtypes of cervical carcinoma? Both types are related to (blank)

A

squamos cell carcinoma ( 80% of cases)
adenocarcinoma (15% of cases)
HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Advanced tumors often invade through the (blank) wall into the bladder, blocking the (blank). (blank) with postrenal failure is a common cause of death in advanced cervical carcinoma

A

anterior uterine
ureters
Hydronephrosis

46
Q

When do you start screening and prevention of cervical carcinoma? How long does it take for CIN to become carcinoma? Dysplastic cells are classified as low grade (blank) or high grade (Blank).

A

21-29, every 3 years
10-20 years
CIN I
CIN II or CIN III

47
Q

High grade dysplasia is chracterized by cells with (blank) nuclei and high (blank) ratio

A

hyperchromatic

nuclear to cyotplasmic ratios

48
Q

An abnormal pap smear is followed by a confirmatory (blank)

A

colposcopy and biopsy

49
Q

Does a pap smear reduce adenocarcinoma?

A

no

50
Q

Immunizations are effective in preventing HPV infections.

The quadrivalent vaccine cover (blank x 4)

A

6,11,16,18

51
Q

Antibodies generated against types 6 and 11 protect against (blank)
Antibodies generated against 16 adn 18 protect against (blank)

A

condylomas

CIN and carcinoma

52
Q

B/w the ages of 30-65 how do you screen women for cervical cancer?
>65 ?

A

HPV and cytology “cotesting” every 5 years

no screening following adequate negative prior screening

53
Q

(blank) is the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

(blank) is the SM wall underlying the endometrium

A

Endometrium

Myometrium

54
Q 
Endometrium is (blank) sensitive.
Growth of the endometrium is (blank) driven i.e the prolierative phase. Preparation of the endometrium for implantation is (blank) driven i.e secretory phase
A

hormonally
estrogen
progesterone

55
Q

What is this:
secondary amenorrhea due to loss of the basalis and scarring
-result of overaggressive dilation and curettage (D & C)

A

Asherman syndrome

56
Q

What is this: lack of ovulation

Results in an (blank) phase without a (blank) phase. Proliferative glands break down and shed resulting in (blank). Represents a common cause of dysfunctinal uterine bleeding, especially during (blank and blank)

A

Anovulatory Cycle

Estrogen driven proliferative
progesterone driven secretory

uterine bleeding

menarche and menopause

57
Q

What causes acute endometriosis?
What is it usually do to?
How does it present?

A

bacterial infection of endometrium

retained products of conception (after delivery or miscarriages) cause bacterial collection

fever, abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain

58
Q

What is the chronic inflammation of the endometrium?

What is it characterized by?

A

Chronic endometritis

lymphocytes and plasma cells (PLASMA CELLS are necessary for diagnosis)

59
Q

What are the causes of chronic endometritis?

A

retained products of conception
Chronic pevic inflammatory disease (chlamydia)
IUD
TB

60
Q

How does chronic endometritis present?

A

abnormal uterine bleding, pain and infertility

61
Q

What is this:
hyperplastic protrusion of endometrium
presents as abnormal uterine bleeding
What can it arise as a side effect form?

A

Endometrial polyp

Tamoxifen (has anti-estrogenic effects on the breast but weak pro-estrogenic effects on the endometrium)

62
Q

What are the uterine causes of abnormal bleeding?

A

anovulatory cycles
polyps
hyperplasia
carcinoma

63
Q

What is this:
endometrial glands and stroma outside of the uterine endometrial lining
What causes this?

A

Endometriosis

Retrogade menstruation with implantation at an ectopic site

64
Q

What are the symptoms of endometriosis?

What do the nodules look lik?

A

dysmenorrhea (pain during menstruation) and pelvic pain; may cause infertility (endometriosis cycles just like normal endometrium)
-yellow-brown gun-powder nodules!

65
Q

What is the most common site of endometriosis and what do you call it when it presents here? What can this lead to?

A

Ovaries
Chocolate cyst

Cancer

66
Q

What is endometriosis also involving the uterine myometrium?

A

adenomyosis

67
Q

What are all the places that endometriosis can effect?

A
  • uterine ligaments (pelvic pain)
  • pouch of douglas (pain w/ defecation)
  • bladder wall (pain with urination)
  • bowel serosa (ab pain and adhesions)
  • fallopian tube mucosa (scarring increase, risk for ectopic tubal pregnancy)
68
Q

What is hyperplasia of endometrial glands relative to stroma? What causes this?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

-> unopposed estrogen (e.g. obesity, PCOS, estrogen replacement)

69
Q

What are the symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia?

How do you classify it histologically?

A

postmenopausal uterine bleeding

based on architectural growth pattern (simple or complex) and the presence or abscence of cellular atypia

70
Q

If you have endometrial hyperplasia what is the most important predictor for progression to carcinoma?

A

presence of cellular atypia

71
Q

-simple hyperplasia with atypia results in progression to cancer (blank) of the time.

A

30%

72
Q

-Complex hyperplasia with atypia results in progression to cancer (blank) percent of the time

A

<5%

73
Q

What is the most common invasive carcinoma of the female genital tract? What does it do?
What are the symptoms?
What are the 2 distinct pathways that it arises from?

A

Endometrial carcinoma-
malignant proliferation of endometrial glands

  • postmenopausal bleeding
  • hyperplasia (75%) and sporadic (25%)
74
Q

What is the most common cause of endometrial carcinoma?
What are the risk factors for this?
What is the average age of presentation?
What is histology like?

A

endometrial hyperplasia

  • estrogen exposure
  • early menarche/late menopause
  • nulliparity
  • infertility with anovulatory cycles
  • obesity

60

endometroid

75
Q

In the sporadic pathway of endometrial carcinoma, carcinoma arises in an (blank) with no evident precursor lesion

What is the average age of presentation?

What does histology look like?

A

atrophic endometrium

70 years

usually serous and is characterized by papillary structures with psammoma body formation; p53 mutation is ommon and the tumor exhibits aggressive behavior

76
Q

An endometrioid cacrinoma is related to (blank). How is it graded? What are the mutations associated with endometrioid carcinoma?

A
  • precursor hyperplasia
  • FIGO
  • PTEN and DNA mismatch repair gene mutations
77
Q

T or F

Serous carcinoma is related to endometrial hyperplasia

A

F

78
Q

Where does serous carcinoma occur?

What is the gene mutation associated with it?

A

in the fallopian tube and

p53 gene mutations

79
Q

What are the pathologies associated with the myometrium?

A

adenomyosis
leiomyoma
leiomyosarcoma

80
Q

What is this:

benign neoplastic proliferation of SM arising from myometrium; most common tumor in females

A

Leiomyoma (fibroids)

81
Q

What are leiomyomas related to exposure of? Who are leiomyomas ommon in?

A

estrogen

premenopausal women

82
Q

How do leiomyomas present?

A

multiple
enlarge during pregnany, shrink after menopause
-multiple well defined, white, whorled masses that may distort the uterus and impinge on pelvic structures

83
Q

(blank) is usually asymptomatic; when present, symptoms include abnormal uterine bleding, infertility, and a pelvic mass

A

Leiomyoma (fibroids)

84
Q

What is this:
malignant proliferation of SM arising from the myometrium
ARises de novo, DO NOT ARISE FROM LEIOMYOMAS
Who does it present in?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

postmenopausal women

85
Q

Gross exam of a leiomyosarcoma shows a (blank) lesion with areas of (blank) and (Blank) histological features include (blank x 3)

A

single
nerosis and hemorrhage
-necrosis, mitotic activity, and cellular atypia

86
Q

What causes salpingitis?

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
87
Q

What is this:
implantation of fertilized ovum at a site other than the uterine wall; most ommon site is the lumen of the fallopian tube.
What is the key risk factor?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

scarring (secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease or endometriosis)

88
Q

What is the classic presentation of ectopic pregnancy?

Is this an emergency?

A
  • lower quadrant abdominal pain a few weeks after a missed period
  • yes, a surgical emergency; major complications are bleeding into fallopian tube (hematosalpinx) and rupture
89
Q

What is the function unit of the ovary?

A follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by (blank and blank) cells

A

follicle

granulosa and theca cells

90
Q

(blank) acts on theca cells to induce androgen production.
(blank) stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgen to estradiol (drives the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle).
After ovulation, the residual follicle becomes a (blank), which primarily secretes (blank) (drives the secretory phase which prepares the endometrium for a possible pregnancy)

A

LH
FSH

corpus luteum
progesterone

91
Q

Hemorrhage into a corpus luteum can result in a (blank) cyst especially during early pregnancy

A

hemorrhagic corpus luteal cyst

92
Q

What are three types of ovarian cysts?

A

follicular cysts
luteal cysts
polycstic ovaries

93
Q

What is this:
benign tumors composed of a single cyst with a simple, flat lining; most commonly arise in premenopausal women (30-40 y/o)

A

cystadenomas

94
Q

What are broderline tumors?

A

have features in between benign and malignant tumors- better prognosis than clearly malignant tumors, but still carry metastatic potential

95
Q

What is the most common type of ovarian tumor? What are the 2 most common subtypes?

A

surface epithelial tumors

  • serous tumors (watery fluid)
  • mucinous tumors (mucus-like fluid)
96
Q

Mucinous and serous tumors can be benign, borderline or malignant.
Benign tumors are called (blank), what do these look like?
Malignant tumors are called (blank)

A

cystadenomas-single cyst with a simple, flat lining

cystadenocarcinomas-composed of complex cysts with a thick shaggy lining: most commonly arise in postmenopasal women 60-70 years old

97
Q

What is this:

composed of bladder-like epithelium and are usually benign

A

Brenner tumor

98
Q

(blank) mutation carriers have an increased risk for serous carcinoma of the ovary and fallopian tube.

A

BRCA1

-BRCA1 carriers often elect to have a prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy (along with prophylatic mastectomy due to increased risk for breast cancer)

99
Q

(blank) tumors are composed of endometrial-like glands and are usually malignant. May arise from endometriosis. 15% of endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary are associated with an independent endometrial carcinoma (endometrioid type).

A

Endometrioid tumor

100
Q

What are complications of the placenta?

A 
-infections
Trophoblastic Disease
-complete mole
-incomplete mole
-choriocarcinoma
101
Q

What is this:

neoplastic proliferation of granulose and theca cells. Often produces estrogen; presents with signs of estrogen excess.

A

granulosa cell tumor

102
Q

If you get a granulosa cell tumor before puberty what will you get?
If you get a granulosa tumor during reproductive age what will you get?
If you get a granulosa cell tumor during postmenopause what will this cause?

A

precocious puberty

menorrhagic or metrorrhagia

Postmenopause (most common setting for granulosa cell tumors)-> endometrial hyperplasia with postmenopausal uterine bleeding

103
Q

Are granulosa cell tumors malignant?

A

yes but minimal risk for metastasis

104
Q

What does the gardasil shot cover and what ages and sex should get this?

A

Types 6, 11, 16, 18
Ages 9-26
Females and males

105
Q

What oes the cervarix shot cover and what ages and sex should get this?

A

Types 16 and 18
Ages 9-25
Females only

106
Q

What makes up 90% of malignant ovarian tumors? What age group is affected by this? What are the types of this?

A

surface epithelial cells
20+ years
-serous tumor, mucinous tumor, endometroid tumor, clear cell tumor, brenner tumor, cystadenofibroma

107
Q

What ovarian tumor type makes up to 3-5% of malignant ovarian tumors and affects 0-25+ year olds? What are the types?

A

Germ cell

-teratoma, dysgerminoma, endodermal sinus tumor, choriocarcinoma

108
Q

What ovarian tumor type makes up to 2-3% of malignant tumors and 5-10% overall ovarian tumors. It affects all ages. What are the types?

A

Sex-cord stroma tumor

-fibroma, granulosa-theca cell tumor, sertoli leydig cell tumor

109
Q

What percent of tumors of the ovary are metastasese?

A

5%

110
Q

What are the three main types of ovarian surface epithelial tumors?

A
  • serous (adenoma, borderline, carcinoma)
  • mucinous (adenoma, borderline, carcinoma)
  • endometrioid (adenoma, borderline, carcinoma)

Block 10 Week 3 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions