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Anatomy and Histology of Reproduction > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the reproductive organs lie?

A

Within the pelvic cavity and the perineum.

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2
Q

What lies within the pelvic cavity?

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Superior Vagina

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3
Q

What lies within the perineum?

A 
Perineal Muscles
Bartholins glands
Clitoris
Inferior Vagina
Labia
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4
Q

What forms the roof over the pelvic organs?

A

Inferior peritoneum

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5
Q

What pouches are formed by the peritoneum lying over the pelvic organs?

A

vesico-uterine

Recto-uterine

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6
Q

A double layer of peritoneum forms what?

A

The broad ligaments of the uterus

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7
Q

Broad ligaments of the uterus.

A

Extends between uterus and the floor and lateral wall of the pelvis.
Maintains uterus position

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8
Q

What can be found within the broad ligaments of the uterus?

A

Uterine tubes

Proximal round ligament

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9
Q

What is the round ligament?

A

An embryological remnant

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10
Q

Where is the round ligament found?

A

Attaches to lateral aspect of uterus

Passes through deep inguinal wall and attaches to superficial tissue of perineum.

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11
Q

What holds the uterus in place?

A

Broad ligament
Strong ligaments e.g uterosacral
Endopelvic fascia
Muscles of pelvic floor

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12
Q

What is endopelvic fascia?

A

Basically packing around the uterus to limit movement

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13
Q

Where does the uterus lay?

A

Anteverted and Anteflexed
Cervix tipped anteriorly relative to vagina
Uterus is tipped anteriorly relative to cervix

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14
Q

How can the cervix lie?

A

Retroverted and Retroflexed

Everything is tipped posteriorly

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15
Q

Where is the egg usually fertilised?

A

Within the ampulla of the uterine tubes.

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16
Q

Why is the fact that the fimbricated end of the uterine tubes is open important?

A

Allows delivery of oocyte into tubes

A communication between genital tract and peritoneum, so infection can pass through

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17
Q

Where are the ovaries found?

A

Laterally in pelvic wall in ovarian fossa

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18
Q

Where do ovaries develop?

A

On posterior body wall

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19
Q

What do ovaries do?

A

Secrete hormones in repose to FSH and LH

Secrete oocyte

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20
Q

How many fornices does the vagina have?

A

4
Anterior
Posterior
2 x lateral

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21
Q

How can the perineum be divided up?

A

Urogenital triangle

Anal triangle

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22
Q

What makes up the urogenital triangle?

A

2 ischial spines and pubis symphisis

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23
Q

What makes up the anal triangle?

A

2 x ischial spines

Coccyx

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24
Q

Levator Ani

A

Skeletal muscle making up most of pelvic diaphragm

Under tonic contraction

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25
Q

What is the nerve supply for the Levator ani?

A

S3 S4 S5 sacral plexus - Nerve to Levator Ani

Dual supply so Pudendal nerve aswell

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26
Q

Under what circumstances does the levator ani contract further?

A

In response to increased intrabdominal pressure e.g. coughing sneezing

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27
Q

Which nerve supplies the perineal muscles?

A

Pudendal

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28
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

Bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue to which the perineal muscles attach.
Key for pelvic floor strength

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29
Q

What are bartholins glands also know as?

A

Greater Vestibular glands

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30
Q

What do bartholins glands do?

A

Secrete lubricating fluid

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31
Q

Where are bartholins glands found?

A

Posterior aspect of the vagina

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32
Q

Where are females breast located?

A

Ribs 2 -6

Lateral border of sternum to mid axially line

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33
Q

What do the breast sit on?

A

Lies of deep fascia covering pec major and serratut anterior

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34
Q

What is the retromammary space?

A

Space between deep fascia and breast

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35
Q

What is the function of the retromammary space?

A

Allows movement of the breast independent of the chest wall.

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36
Q

How is breast tissue attached to the skin?

A

Via suspensory ligaments

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37
Q

How is the breast divided up?

A

Into quadrants
Upper Outer and Inner
Lower Outer and Inner

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38
Q

Where does most of the lymph within the breast drain?

A

75% to ipsilateral axially nodes

Ultimately drain into superclavicular

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39
Q

Lymph within the internal quadrants may drain to which nodes?

A

Parasternal

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40
Q

Lymph within the Lower quadrants may drain to which nodes?

A

Abdominal

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41
Q

Level 1 Axillary nodes

A

Inferior and lateral to Pectoralis Minor

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42
Q

Level 2 Axillary Nodes

A

Deep to Pectoralis Minor

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43
Q

Level 3 Axillary Node

A

Superior and medial to Pectoralis Minor

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44
Q

What is the blood supply and drainage to the breast?

A

Axillary and Internal Thoracic arteries and Veins

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45
Q

What does the pelvic floor do?

A

Separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum

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46
Q

What makes up the pelvic floor?

A

Pelvic Diaphragm
Muscles of perineal pouches
Perineal membrane

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47
Q

What muscles form the pelvic diaphragm ?

A

Levator Ani

Coccygeus

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48
Q

What is the anterior gap between the medial borders of the pelvic diaphragm called?

A

Urogenital hiatus

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49
Q

What muscles make up the Levator Ani?

A

Iliococcygeus
Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis

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50
Q

What are some of the pelvic ligaments?

A

Uterosacral
Transverse cervical
Lateral ligament of the bladder
Rectal ligaments

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51
Q

Where does the deep perineal pouch sit?

A

Below fascia of inferior aspect of pelvic diaphragm and superior to perineal membrane.

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52
Q

What is found within the deep perineal pouch?

A

Urethra
Vagina
Bulbourethral gland (Men)
Neuromuscular bundles for Clitoris and Penis

53
Q

Where is the perineal membrane found?

A

Superficial to perineal deep pouch

54
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

Thin sheet of depression fasciae
Last passive support for pelvic organs
Closes urogenital triangle

55
Q

What openings does the perineal membrane have?

A

Urethra and Vagina

56
Q

What does the female Superficial Perineal Pouch contain?

A

Contains female erectile tissue and associated muscle
Clitoris and Crura
Bulbs of vestibule
Muscles

57
Q

What muscles are found in both genders superficial Perineal Pouch?

A

Bulbospongiosus

Ischiocaverosus

58
Q

What erectile tissue is found in the clitoris and the crura?

A

Corpus Cavernosum

59
Q

What is found in the Male Superficial perineal pouch?

A

Root of the penis
Associated muscles - bulbo…. ischio….
Proximal spongy urethra

60
Q

What erectile tissue makes up the Bulb of the penis?

A

Corpus Spongiosum

61
Q

What erectile tissue makes up the crura of the penis?

A

Corpus Cavernosum

62
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Produce gametes

Secrete Oestrogen and progesterone

63
Q

What makes up the ovarian Medulla?

A

Loose connective tissue

Contorted arteries veins and lymphatics

64
Q

What makes up the cortex of the ovaries?

A

Scattered ovarian follicles in a storm of connective tissue

65
Q

What is the outer layer of the cortex?

A

Tunic Albuginea - dense layer

66
Q

What covers the cortex?

A

Thin outer layer of cuboidal cells - germinal epithelium

67
Q

What arteries supply the ovaries?

A

Helicine arteries

68
Q

Where does the bloody supply of the ovaries come from?

A

Within the Broad ligament

69
Q

What takes place at week 6?

A

Germ cells from yolk sack invade ovaries and proliferate to form oogonia.

70
Q

To form Oogonia what must happen to the germ cells?

A

Undergo mitosis

71
Q

How do Oogonia become Oocytes?

A

Develop and divide by meiosis

72
Q

What is Oogenesis?

A

Development of oocytes from oogonia

73
Q

What is Folliculogenesis?

A

Growth of the follicle - oocyte and any asoicated support cell.

74
Q

What is Atrexia?

A

Loss of oocyte or oogonia via apoptosis

75
Q

Before birth at what stage are follicles halted at?

A

Meiosis - Prophase 1

76
Q

How can follicular development be divided?

A

Pre Antra

Antral

77
Q

What are Pre Antra follicles?

A

Primordial
Primary
Late Primary

78
Q

What are Antral Follicles ?

A

Secondary follicles

Mature Graafian Follicles

79
Q

What defines the Primary Follicles

A

Presence of Cuboidal Cells

Zona Granulosa

80
Q

When does the Zona Pellucida form?

A

Starts to appear between the oocyte and the granuloma during the primary follicle stage.

81
Q

What if its present classifies a Primary Follicle?

A

The cuboidal cell, as Pregranulosa cells have squamous

82
Q

What defines a late Primary Follicle?

A

Granulosa cell proliferation

83
Q

What layers from in Late Primary Follicles?

A

Theca Interna

Theca Externa

84
Q

Theca Interna

A

Inner layer

Secretes Oestrogen and precursors

85
Q

Theca Externa

A

Outer layer

Formed of Fibroblasts

86
Q

What defines a Secondary Follicle?

A

Formation of the Antrum

87
Q

What happens in a Secondary Follicle?

A

Antrum fills with follicular fluid forms second follicle

Granuloma and Thecal layers continue to grow

88
Q

What is Graafian follicle ?

A

Stage before release of the oocyte

Stratum Granulosum - layer of granular cells around central follicle

89
Q

1 day prior to ovulation what happens to the follicle?

A

Udergoes Meiosis 1 to produce two cells

90
Q

What are produced when the Oocyte undergoes Meiosis 1?

A

Forms Secondary Oocyte

A tiny polar body carrying second nucleus is degenerated.

91
Q

What happens to the secondary Oocyte?

A

Undergoes Meiosis 2

92
Q

What stage of Meiosis 2 does the secondary oocyte reach?

A

Metaphase II

93
Q

At what point does the oocyte complete Meiosis?

A

Only if fertilised

94
Q

What signs seen on the ovary indicate it will rupture to release the oocyte?

A

Follicular Stigma

Tunica Albuginea

95
Q

What happens to the follicle post ovulation?

A

Transforms into the Corpus Luteum

96
Q

What does the Corpus Luteum do?

A

Secretes oestrogen and progesterone to prepare uterus for implantation

97
Q

If implantation occurs what happens?

A

HCG is released preventing the breakdown of the Corpus Luteum maintaining the progesterone levels and in turn the pregnancy

98
Q

If no implantation occurs what happens to the Corpus Luteum?

A

Becomes the Corpus Albicans

White coloured connective tissue.

99
Q

How does the oocyte move down the uterine tubes?

A

Gentle peristalsis

Current from ciliated cells

100
Q

What is the function of the secretory cells in the uterine tubes?

A

Release nutrients

101
Q

Describe the Ampulla.

A

Highly folded mucosa lined by ciliated columnar epithelium and secretory cells.
Surrounded by smooth muscle.

102
Q

Describe the smooth muscle found in the uterine tubes?

A

Inner circular layer

Outer longitudina layer

103
Q

Describe the isthmus.

A

Much simpler lining than the ampulla
Mostly secretory cells less ciliated
More Smooth muscle

104
Q

What are the three layers of the Uterus?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Peritoneum

105
Q

Describe the endometrium.

A

Inner secretory containing tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue stroma.

106
Q

Describe the Myometrium.

A

3 layers of smooth muscle collagen and elastic tissue

107
Q

Describe the Perimentrium

A

Outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

108
Q

What are the two layers found in the Endometrium?

A

Stratum Functionalis

Stratum Basilis

109
Q

Describe the Stratum Functionalis

A

Undergoes monthly growth degeneration and loss

110
Q

Describe the Stratum Basilis

A

Reserve tissue that regenerates the Functionalis

111
Q

What happens to the Endometrium in the Proliferative phase?

A

Glands are relatively straight and lined by columnar epithelium
Oestrogen drives proliferation and thickening

112
Q

How long does the proliferative phase last?

A

Up to 1 day post ovulation

113
Q

What happens to the endometrium in the Secretory or Luteal Phase?

A

Glands become coiled and secrete glycogen

114
Q

What happens to the endometrium in the menstrual phase?

A

Arterioles in functionalis undergoes reconstruction

Depriving tissue of blood , breakdown leakage and tissue sloughing.

115
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Short cylinder of connective tissue with a narrowed lumen projecting into the upper vagina.

116
Q

What covers the cervix?

A

Mostly stratified squamous epithelium but transitions into secretory columnar

117
Q

Why is the transition between stratified and secretory on the cervix important?

A

Higher risk of dysplasia so cervical cancer risk

118
Q

What glands are found on the cervix?

A

Endocervical glands

119
Q

What do endocervical glands secrete during the proliferative phase?

A

Thin watery mucous to allow sperm to pass

120
Q

What do endocervical glands secrete during ovulation?

A

Thick viscous mucous to prevent sperm passage swell as microorganisms

121
Q

What lines the vagina?

A

Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

122
Q

Why is the squamous epithelium in the vagina of a woman in her reproductive years thicker?

A

Glycogen accumulation

123
Q

What are the four layers of the vagina?

A

Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina Propria - connective tissue thin walled blood vessels
Fibromuscular layer - inner and outer smooth muscles
Adventitia

124
Q

How do commensal bacteria protect the vagina?

A

They metabolise the glycogen into lactic acid to prevent pathogenic bacteria growth

125
Q

What makes up the mons pubis?

A

Highly oblique hair follicles

Substantial subcutaneous fat pad lying over the pubic symphysis

126
Q

Labia Majora

A

Similar to Mons Pubis
Rich in apocrine and sebaceous glands
Small bundles of smooth muscle

127
Q

Labia Minora

A

Lacks subcutaneous fat pad and hair follicles

Rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands

128
Q

Where does keratinised epithelium found external extend to?

A

Level of the hymen

129
Q

Clitoris

A

Two tubes of erectile tissue

Covered in fibrocollagenous sheath rich in innervation

Anatomy and Histology of Reproduction (1 decks)

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