Female Reproductive system Flashcards
Where is the egg fertilized
Oviduct
What is asexual reproduction?
A process where offspring are produced from a single parent, resulting in genetically identical offspring.
What are examples of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission in bacteria, budding in yeast, and vegetative propagation in plants (e.g., runners in strawberries).
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction in the wild?
It allows rapid population growth and is energy-efficient, as no mate is needed.
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction in the wild?
Low genetic variation, which can lead to vulnerability to diseases or environmental changes.
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction in crop production?
It allows for the production of uniform crops, ensuring consistency in yield and quality.
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction in crop production?
Lack of genetic variation, which makes crops more susceptible to pests and diseases.
What is sexual reproduction?
A process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote, resulting in offspring that are genetically different from each other.
What is fertilisation?
The fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes (sperm and egg).
What is the ploidy of gametes and zygotes?
Gametes are haploid (one set of chromosomes), while a zygote is diploid (two sets of chromosomes).
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction in the wild?
Increases genetic diversity, which helps populations adapt to changing environments and resist diseases.
What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction in the wild?
It requires energy for finding a mate and produces fewer offspring.
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction in crop production?
Genetic variation can lead to more resilient crops, potentially offering better yields.
What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction in crop production?
It can be less predictable in terms of crop quality and yield.
Name the parts of an insect-pollinated flower.
Sepals, petals, stamens (filament, anthers), carpels (style, stigma, ovary, ovules).
What are the functions of the parts of an insect-pollinated flower?
Sepals: Protect the flower bud.
Petals: Attract pollinators.
Stamens: Produce pollen.
Carpels: Contain ovules for fertilisation.
What are the adaptations of insect-pollinated flowers?
Brightly colored petals, nectar, sticky pollen, and a large, often scented flower to attract insects.
What are the adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers?
Small, green, odorless flowers, long, feathery stigmas, and large amounts of lightweight pollen.
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma.
What happens during fertilisation?
The pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule to form a zygote.
What environmental conditions affect seed germination?
Seeds require water, oxygen, and a suitable temperature to germinate.
What is self-pollination?
Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
What is cross-pollination?
Transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species.
What are the effects of self-pollination and cross-pollination on a population?
Self-pollination: Low variation, less adaptability to environmental changes.
Cross-pollination: Higher variation, better adaptability, and reliance on pollinators.
Describe the process of pollen tube growth and fertilisation.
The pollen tube grows from the stigma to the ovule, where the pollen nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus.
Identify parts of the male reproductive system.
Testes (produce sperm), scrotum (houses testes), sperm ducts (carry sperm), prostate gland (produces semen), urethra (releases sperm), penis (delivers sperm).
Identify parts of the female reproductive system.
Ovaries (produce eggs), oviducts (carry eggs), uterus (houses the fetus), cervix (opens to vagina), vagina (birth canal).
What is fertilisation in humans?
The fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei to form a zygote.
What are the adaptive features of sperm?
Flagellum: Provides motility.
Mitochondria: Provide energy for movement.
Acrosome: Contains enzymes to break down the egg’s outer layer.
What are the adaptive features of egg cells?
Energy stores: Provide nutrients for the developing embryo.
Jelly coat: Protects the egg and changes after fertilisation to prevent multiple sperm from entering.
Compare male and female gametes.
Male gametes (sperm): Small, motile, produced in large numbers.
Female gametes (egg): Larger, non-motile, produced in limited numbers.
What is the early development of a zygote?
The zygote forms into an embryo, which is a ball of cells that implants into the uterus lining.
Identify parts of the fetus development.
Umbilical cord: Connects the fetus to the placenta.
Placenta: Facilitates nutrient and gas exchange.
Amniotic sac: Surrounds and protects the fetus.
Amniotic fluid: Cushions and protects the fetus.
What is the function of the placenta and umbilical cord?
The placenta exchanges nutrients, gases, and waste products between the mother and fetus. The umbilical cord connects them.
What can pass through the placenta to affect the fetus?
Some pathogens and toxins can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus.
What are the roles of testosterone and oestrogen during puberty?
Testosterone: Stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., facial hair, deep voice).
Oestrogen: Stimulates female secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., breast development, menstrual cycle).
Describe the menstrual cycle.
The cycle involves changes in the ovaries (egg release) and uterus (lining thickening and shedding if no fertilisation occurs).
Where are oestrogen and progesterone produced during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy?
Oestrogen: Produced by the ovaries during the first half of the menstrual cycle.
Progesterone: Produced by the ovaries after ovulation and during pregnancy.
How do hormones control the menstrual cycle and pregnancy?
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): Stimulates egg development.
LH (Luteinising Hormone): Triggers ovulation.
Oestrogen: Stimulates thickening of the uterine lining.
Progesterone: Maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy.
